Zach London Profile picture
May 16, 2023 7 tweets 3 min read Read on X
What do inkblots and puppies hugging teach us about the way the long tracts are organized in the spinal cord? Everything.

Behold, our favorite tracts in the cervical cord.

A = fibers to/from the arm
T = fibers to/from the trunk
L = fibers to/from the leg

#tweetorial
1/7 Image
Now let's just look at the arm fibers. For all three tracts, they are right up against the grey matter.

Want a #mnemonic to help you remember that?
2/7 Image
Well, some say the grey matter looks like a butterfly.

You love butterflies, so what do you do when we see one? You hug it.

That's why your arm fibers are right up in there. For butterfly hugs.
3/7 Image
But wait, an actual hug would crush a butterfly, wouldn't it? Good point.

(Had a picture of a squashed butterfly here, but I redacted it because it was too disturbing.)

Imagine instead that the grey matter is a beagle. A proud, noble beagle, who has been a very good boy. 4/7 Image
Now hug that beagle.
5/7 Image
One possible implication of this organization is that external compression of the cord may present with ascending symptoms, as the most lateral fibers are damaged first.

That's why someone with a C-spine lesion may present only with lower extremity symptoms.
6/7 Image
So next the psychologist asks you what you see in this inkblot, just say, "Something that spurs me to activate my medial descending corticospinal fibers as gently as possible so as not to damage the fragile little anterior horns."

And then see what diagnosis they give you!
7/7 Image

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More from @zach_london

May 2
Ulnar neuropathy "at the wrist" is really in the hand. Guyon's canal is between the pisiform and hamate bones. It's close to the wrist, though.

The numbers in this image are the Zones where injuries can take place, and they each create a unique clinical picture. #tweetorial
1/6 Image
Let's count down from Zone 4. The superficial terminal branch, for practical purposes, is purely sensory, supplying the palmar aspect of the digits 4-5.

FYI: The dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve (not shown) comes off in the forearm, supplies the backs of these fingers.
2/6 Image
Zone 3 is a motor branch that supplies the first dorsal interosseous. A lesion here could mimic the Split Hand in ALS, where the muscles on the side of the thumb are disproportionately weak.

I never met someone who was crucified, but I suppose that's one way to get this.
3/6 Image
Read 6 tweets
Oct 23, 2023
Saw another patient with sensory neuronopathy who had been misdiagnosed with functional neurological disorder.

What is sensory neuronopathy, and why do we keep missing it? A #tweetorial.
1/ Image
First order of business. Neuronopathy is not the same as neuropathy. There’s a NO right in the middle of it.

That helps you remember the answer to the question: Is this just numb feet in a patient with diabetes?
2/ Image
Where's the lesion?
Sensory neuronopathy is a syndrome of damage to the dorsal root ganglia. These little campers park up and down the spinal cord, so when they aren't working, the sensory loss or pain can be in the distribution of multiple roots.
3/ Image
Read 13 tweets
Jul 27, 2023
🧷🔥The Sensory Exam.🧊👈

Some neurologists just skip it. Compared to other parts of the exam, it's mired in subjectivity.

And slow! you could spend 10 minutes doing it and learn nothing.

But it can still be valuable, especially when done EFFICIENTLY. #tweetorial #neurology Image
In this🧵, we're talking about examining a patient who does NOT have a sensory deficit as their chief complaint.

The screening sensory exam in this situation should focus on things people might not bring up in the history. What on earth could that be? Image
The most common would be neuropathy.

Patients with numb feet may only complain of imbalance. Or pain. Or nothing.

So my screening sensory exam focuses on finding NUMB FEET. 👣

And here's a hot take: Neuropathy is almost always symmetric, so...
Read 15 tweets
Jul 16, 2023
I administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to the image-generating AI program DALL-E this morning. Thing really went off the rails.

Let's see how it did. 🧵 Image
"Do trails starting with 1-A-2-B etc."

Okay, that's not what we meant, but I see the confusion. 0 points. Image
"Copy a three dimensional cube."

Impressive, but that wasn't the assignment. 0 points. Image
Read 22 tweets
Mar 22, 2023
Not pointing fingers, but I think some of us are misusing the word "bulbar."

The Bulb is the archaic term for the medulla. So bulbar weakness refers only to muscles supplied by cranial nerves 9-12.

Let's play a game called "Is THIS bulbar weakness?"
1/🧵
Is THIS Bulbar Weakness?

Yes.

(The picture's not upside down... you're upside down.)

A lateral medullary stroke damages the nucleus ambiguus of CN X, leading to dysphagia, dysarthria, and dysphonia.
2/🧵
Is THIS Bulbar Weakness?

Yes!

This bulb is completely exhausted. (It needs to stop resting on its florals.)
3/🧵
Read 7 tweets
Sep 3, 2022
Today's @UMICHNeuroRes Localization Rounds case.

A patient has sudden onset of:
▶️R facial weakness, upper and lower🫤
▶️Impaired adduction of the R eye with spared convergence
▶️R hypertropia that is present in all direction of gaze

Where is the lesion?
#tweetorial
1/
Let’s start with the face.

Upper and lower face = a lesion of the Facial Nerve (CN7.)

CN7 lesions are usually outside the brainstem, right? But remember that this pattern can also be seen with lesions affecting the nucleus or the course of the CN7 in the brainstem.
2/ Image
CN7 starts in the pons. It takes a crazy route backwards and loops around the CN6 nucleus, forming an unsightly lump called the facial colliculus.

(I always tell my pons it is beautiful just the way it is, but is is very self-conscious about this lump.)
3/ Image
Read 9 tweets

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