Adolf and Maria Althoff #Righteous during World War Two 1/n Darmstadt, Germany… Summer 1941 – Adolf Althoff and his wife, Maria, directed the well-known Althoff circus during World War II. The circus, which included
2/n approximately 90 performers, traveled throughout Europe and spent the summer of 1941 near Darmstadt. At one particular show, Irene Danner, a young Jewish acrobat from Darmstadt, was among the visitors. She was a descendant of a German-Jewish circus family. Although Adolf knew
3/n that including a Jew in the circus was prohibited, he offered Irene a position, provided her with a pseudonym and false identity papers, and essentially disguised her Jewish identity for the duration of the war. During her time in the circus, Irene fell in love with another
4/n acrobat, Peter Storm-Bento. When she later became pregnant, Adolf and Maria ensured that she received adequate medical care. On March 20, 1942, deportations from Darmstadt began, followed by additional deportations in September 1942 and February 1943.
Photos: Irene Danner
5/n Though Irene’s grandmother was deported, her mother, Alice, and her sister, Gerda, escaped to the safety of the Althoff circus. The Althoffs agreed to provide refuge for Alice and Gerda as well. Adolf and Maria were fully aware of the dangers associated with hiding Jews.
6/n They knew that the circus could be searched at any moment and that their employees could betray them. Fortunately, Adolf had contacts in nearly every city who usually warned him of pending searches. Despite a few close calls, Irene, Alice, and Gerda all survived the war.
“I... saw our books fly into the twitching flames and heard the corny little tirade of the wily little liar. Funeral weather hung over the town. It was disgusting."
Erich Kästner about the book burning on Berlin's Opernplatz on May 10, 1933
2/n on May 10, 1933, university students burned over 25,000 volumes of “un-German” books, presaging an era of state censorship & control of culture. On the evening of May 10, in most university towns, right-wing students marched in
3/n torchlight parades “against the un-German spirit.”
The scripted rituals called for high Nazi officials, professors, university rectors, and university student leaders to address the participants and spectators.
At the meeting places, students threw the pillaged & “unwanted”
OTD, May 9, 1945, Theresienstadt was liberated
"For us the victory had come too late, much too late" 1/n When liberation came to Thereisenstadt, many hardly noticed. One moment the SS guards were there, and then they disappeared. “Our prison guards left us without a stir”,
2/n wrote Käthe Stark, “of which we were completely unaware.” Only a few days later, when the Red Army troops arrived, did the inmates really feel that they had been liberated. Yet for many survivors liberation was too much to bear. In an interview, one of the pioneers of
3/n recording Holocaust testimony, in 1946, Nechama Epstein-Kozlowski, a Polish Jew who had endured a succession of ghettos and camps, explained how liberation did not mean the end of her grief:
‘I didn’t have anybody, all alone. All night I lay and cried, “What will I do now?
February 18, 1943 1/n Hans Scholl and his sister Sophie (born 9 May 1921) , the leaders of the German youth group Weisse Rose (White Rose), are arrested by the Gestapo for opposing the Nazi regime.
2/n The White Rose was composed of university (mostly medical) students who spoke out against Adolf Hitler and his regime. The founder, Hans Scholl, was a former member of Hitler Youth who grew disenchanted with Nazi ideology once its real aims became evident.
3/n As a student at the University of Munich in 1940-41, he met two Catholic men of letters who redirected his life. Turning from medicine to religion, philosophy, and arts, Scholl gathered around him like-minded friends who also despised the Nazis, and the White Rose was born.
Carl Lutz - The Swiss man who saved tens of thousands of Jews 1/n Carl Lutz (30 Mar 1895 – 12 Feb 1975) was a Swiss diplomat who served as Vice-Consul in Budapest, Hungary, from 1942 until the end of the war. He is credited with saving over 62,000 Jews in a large rescue operation
2/n Lutz arrived in Budapest in January 1942 as Swiss vice-consul, and was put in charge of representing the Unites States, Great Britain, and other countries that had cut off ties with Hungary.
Weeks after the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944, they began deporting Jews to
3/n Extermination Camps.
Lutz tried to persuade the Hungarians to stop the deportations. Lutz issued four group certificates of aliya, each for 1,000 persons. It was Lutz who issued these because, as Swiss Consul, he represented British interests in Hungary, including issues
May 5, 1945. Mauthausen liberated 1/n August 8 1938, Himmler ordered a couple of 100 prisoners from Dachau camp to be transported to the little town of Mauthausen just outside Linz. The plan was to build a new camp in order to supply slave labor for the Wiener Graben stone quarry
2/n Until 1939, most of the prisoners were put to work building the camp and the living quarters for the SS. The main camp of Mauthausen consisted of 32 barracks surrounded by electrified barbed wire, high stone walls, and watch towers. Due to the immense number of prisoners that
3/n poured into the camp, Commandant Ziereis ordered that the fields to the north and west were to be ringed with wire. Here, Hungarian Jews and Russian soldiers, mostly, were kept in the open, all year around.
Mauthausen was classified as a so-called "category three camp".
Christmas - December 1944.
PRIMO LEVI was held at Auschwitz III (Monowitz)
Levi recounted the memorable Christmas of 1944 1/n Though they understood the war may soon be ending, Levi and his fellow prisoners knew nothing of their fate.
2/n So as December wore on and snow engulfed the camp and the factory where Levi worked, things both had changed and were the same as always.
Until Christmas: "It was a memorable Christmas for the world at war; memorable for me too, because it was marked by a miracle.
3/n At Auschwitz, the various categories of prisoners (political, common criminals, social misfits, homosexuals, etc.) were allowed to receive gift packages from home, but not the Jews. Anyway, from whom could the Jews have received them? From their families, exterminated or