Adolf and Maria Althoff #Righteous during World War Two 1/n Darmstadt, Germany… Summer 1941 – Adolf Althoff and his wife, Maria, directed the well-known Althoff circus during World War II. The circus, which included
2/n approximately 90 performers, traveled throughout Europe and spent the summer of 1941 near Darmstadt. At one particular show, Irene Danner, a young Jewish acrobat from Darmstadt, was among the visitors. She was a descendant of a German-Jewish circus family. Although Adolf knew
3/n that including a Jew in the circus was prohibited, he offered Irene a position, provided her with a pseudonym and false identity papers, and essentially disguised her Jewish identity for the duration of the war. During her time in the circus, Irene fell in love with another
4/n acrobat, Peter Storm-Bento. When she later became pregnant, Adolf and Maria ensured that she received adequate medical care. On March 20, 1942, deportations from Darmstadt began, followed by additional deportations in September 1942 and February 1943.
Photos: Irene Danner
5/n Though Irene’s grandmother was deported, her mother, Alice, and her sister, Gerda, escaped to the safety of the Althoff circus. The Althoffs agreed to provide refuge for Alice and Gerda as well. Adolf and Maria were fully aware of the dangers associated with hiding Jews.
6/n They knew that the circus could be searched at any moment and that their employees could betray them. Fortunately, Adolf had contacts in nearly every city who usually warned him of pending searches. Despite a few close calls, Irene, Alice, and Gerda all survived the war.
May 19, 1943. German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels declares Berlin free of Jews 1/n
At the start of 1943, most of the jews were already deported & murdered. Still, there were about 8000 jewish men in Berlin that worked as a forced labour for factories of War’s importance.
2/n Due to the use of forced labours from occupied territories, the Nazi’s considered to be the working jews as redundant as well. In the morning of February 27th, these 8000 jews were rounded up in the ‘Fabrikaktion’. Only the 2000 jews that were married to Germans -& who
3/n resisted the Nazi-pressure of divorcing- were saved from deportation – and only after a courageous protest. With only a fraction left of the 166.000 people that once lived here, Berlin was officially declared ‘Judenfrei‘ on the 19th of May 1943. However, deportations of
1/n On May 16, 1944, 577 Sinti, Roma and dwellers ended up in Westerbork. Before the outbreak of the war, approximately 4,500 Sinti and Roma traveled through the Netherlands with their violin orchestras and merchandise. In 1943 they were placed in large caravan camps. They were
2/n forbidden to move around. Some of the Sinti and Roma went to live in houses for fear of deportation.
On May 14, 1944, the German occupier sent a telegram to various Dutch police forces with the order "[...] a central arrest of all persons residing in the Netherlands who
3/n possess the characteristic of the gypsies."
In Westerbork it became clear that the Dutch police services had interpreted the term 'gypsy' too broadly. About 200 people turned out not to be Sinti or Roma, but caravan dwellers. They were released shortly after arrival.
Food as a weapon of war - meet Herbert Backe 1/n A coalition made of Nazi Germany, Italy, and a number of satellite states, amassed to almost 4 million men. The question to which much attention was given during the preparation of the invasion was how to feed them all?
2/n Transporting food from Germany to the front-line was not an option when it came to a long-term operation such as the conquest of Russia, especially as the country lacked key transport infrastructure. The invading army had to requisition food from the locals and live off the
3/n land. This would inevitably lead to large-scale famine and the death of millions of civilians.
But for an ideology fueled by a notion of racial inequality, the starving of millions of “inferior” Slavs and Jews represented no problem whatsoever. For implementing the necessary
The #Righteous amongst us
Johanna Eck
"My Duty and Responsibility" 1/n Johanna Eck was a German war widow who, during World War II, sheltered four victims of Nazi persecution, including two Jews.
Johanna Eck’s husband was killed during World War I. One of his friends during the
2/n war was a German Jew named Jakob Guttman. When the Nazis began deporting and murdering Germany’s Jews, Jakob and his family were killed. One of his sons, Heinz, was able to escape and left on the streets. None of his Gentile acquaintances would risk their lives to shelter him
3/n – except one. Johanna took the boy in and shared her meager food rations with him. Even when her house was destroyed in an air raid, Johanna found hiding places for the boy and shared food ration cards with him.
Her home destroyed, Johanna was assigned a one-room apartment.
May 16, 1944
The Gypsy roundup in Holland 1/n The Gypsy razzia took place on May 16, 1944 and was aimed at rounding up all Roma and Sinti living in the Netherlands. 578 people were arrested that day by the Marechaussee, Landwacht and the Dutch state police and then taken to
2/n Camp Westerbork. Three days later, 245 Roma and Sinti were again deported, but this time with Auschwitz as the final station. The rest were released from Camp Westerbork because they did not meet the characteristics of a gypsy or because they had an Italian,
3/n Swiss or Guatemalan passport.
Anna Maria – known as Settela – Steinbach was born on 23 December 1934 in Buchten in the Dutch province of Limburg and grew up in a wagon. She came from a large family
Hans Frank accepted and approved the "Ausserordentliche Befriedungsaktion" on May 16, 1940.
People were arrested according to an "enemies of the Reich list" - prepared before the war by members of the German minority in Poland in
2/n cooperation with the German Intelligence. In the following weeks, the German police, the Gestapo, the SD (Sicherheitsdienst) and units of the Wehrmacht arrested roughly 30,000 Poles in major Polish cities, including Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin and Kraków.
3/n The interned were held in a number of prisons, including the infamous Pawiak, where they were subject to brutal interrogations by Nazi officials. After time spent in the prisons of Warsaw, Kraków, Radom, Kielce, Nowy Sącz, Tarnów, Lublin or Wiśnicz,