1. Exact cause unknown 2. Likely triggered by antigen exposure (e.g., mold, insecticides, silica dust) 3. Genetic predisposition plays a role🧬 4. Family history ⬆️ risk
🛡️ 3/12: Immune Dysregulation in Cardiac Sarcoidosis:
1. Starts w/ type 1 T-helper cell activation 2. Leads to Up-regulation of cytokines & chemokines 3. Activates macrophages 4. Forms non-necrotic granulomas 5. Progresses to active inflammatory phase 6. May lead to fibrotic phase 7. Both phases contribute to cardiac dysfunction 💔
🧿Make use of exaggerated respiration (have patient take slow deep breaths in & out)
🧿Avoid holding breath (can induce Valsalva & alter your measurements)
🧿Use a respirometer & multiple pressure transducers
🧿Multiple long recordings (be patient)
🧿Afib or ectopy: pace for regular rhythm
🧿Induction of PVC can be helpful 🙌
🧵3/8: RA: 3 key measurements:
1. Baseline pressure (generally high. If very low, consider saline loading ~ 1L)
2. Y-descent (more prominent in inspiration): due to rapid emptying of RA during early diastole (Friedrich sign)