New: A “Twelve Step Program” to revive birthrates around the world, a thread!
A truly important series. Please retweet and follow! Thanks to greats like @lymanstoneky/@FamStudies for work and charts uncovering "fertility factors". (Hoping for his book on this topic one day soon!)
Step 1: Talk about the problem. A lot. Things are trending toward demographic collapse in country after country, with fertility rates now below replacement in most countries, and still dropping quickly.
Two reasons: First, very old data. A long time ago, a scary book called “The Population Bomb” was published. But that was 55 years ago and birthrates since dropped like a rock. Second, many just look at total population when it takes a population *pyramid* to see the collapse.
Step 2: Embrace pro-natality in culture. Israel, which deeply welcomes children as a national cause, is a wonderful example. Crowded, modern, educated and wealthy, Israel “should” have low fertility. Yet Israeli fertility is high. Why? Simply, Israel deeply wants children.
Re pro-natalism, big families must be common, just to achieve replacement fertility. If 1/3 have no kids, and the remaining 2/3 average 2 children each, then the fertility rate will be just 1.33, far too low. Society needs big families, just to balance out all the childless!
Step 3: Value faith groups and religious freedom. Many religious groups have healthy fertility – Orthodox Catholics, LDS, Orthodox Jews, Amish, Muslims, etc. But are there any high fertility group that are not religious? None that I know of.
Less-religious people may object, but the data on this is strong. The onus is on seculars to develop pro-natality as the religious have. This group includes a lot of great scientists and techies, so it matters for the future. Who lays out a secular pro-child vision? @elonmusk?
Step 4: Educate young people on the link between fertility and age. Unplanned childlessness is now far more common than unplanned pregnancy! Between school, work and trying to meet someone, time just runs out. How much heartbreak can be avoided by just teaching this chart?
Relatedly, education tracks should be dramatically shortened to help women balance ambition and family. Long education tracks really reduce women’s ability to have children.
Step 5: Address housing costs by building more and improving home financing for the young. (But type of housing matters greatly. Large homes further from the city are much better for birthrates than small apartments in the city, @lymanstoneky reveals.)
Step 6: Push back against the doomers. Many things are getting better, especially with the environment.
(Check out my favorite before-and-after, Fresh Kills, the world’s biggest landfill, now a lovely park!)
Step 7: OB-Gyn’s have to do their part, in two ways.
First, recognize that unwanted pregnancy is now less common than unwanted childlessness. Help women avoid the latter, not just the former.
Second, minimize C-sections, which limit a woman's future childbearing.
Step 8: Strive for work-and-family balance. Countries with lowest-of-low fertility rates, such as China, Korea and Taiwan, have very long work hours and family suffers. Can one parent focus on raising the kids? Raising kids is already a full-time job! WFH helps a lot.
Step 9: Parents of young adults have a big supporting role to play. Young people usually start out poor. Housing and childcare costs are often overwhelming. Would-be-grandparents can help their grown children with a downpayment, caring for children and passing on tradition.
Step 10: Focus on marriage. Traditional models lead to more kids - the data is strong on this! Those who follow a traditional plan (intimacy after marriage, not before; short courtships rather than years of dating) have a lot more kids. Even arranged marriage is underrated!
Step 11: Men need to help more with household chores. Two benefits: First, it eases the much heavier burden that women experience raising children. Second, it helps ease gender tension. Where gender wars are intense (for example, Korea), women avoid motherhood.
(Source: WEF)
Step 12: Social spending to support families. Child benefits, like childcare and child allowances do matter. (But they aren't a magic cure. Cultural messages matter more, and they usually cost less.)
The best solution? All of the above: drop politics and try everything. Some of the most valuable solutions will be ones that are difficult to accept. All solutions are needed because the fertility collapse may become the most difficult crisis that humanity has ever faced.
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Colombia recorded only 445,000 births in 2024, way below UN projections of 701,000 births, for an official fertility rate of just 1.06 births per woman, and just 0.84 in Bogotá. (The true rate may be a little higher with unregistered births.)
Why such a dramatic collapse? 2/10
The biggest cause is the disappearance of marriage.
The rate of marriage in Colombia plunged to just 1.4 per 1000 people in 2022 according to OECD statistics, lowest in the world. (The US which has also seen a big drop still has a marriage rate 4 times as high at 6.0.)
3/10
On this Father's Day, let's think of young guys and the future.
How can young men, most of whom really want children one day, boost their odds of achieving fatherhood?
🧵!
Perhaps the first thing for young men to focus on is gaining income and building a career.
There is a strong positive relationship between a man's income and the number of children he will have.
This was true in the past and it is still true today, all over the world. 2/9
Part of this of course is that higher earning men are more attractive to women.
But even for among married men, studies find that when men earn more, they tend to have more children.
This isn't just some relic of the past. It is even more true for younger men! 3/9
UPenn economist @JesusFerna7026 just gave an important talk called The Demographic Future of Humanity.
Key points: (1) Birth data is much worse than the UN reports, (2) UN projections are absurdly rosy, (3) Economic growth will be low, and (4) Immigration cannot fix this.
🧵
First, Fernández-Villaverde notes that in country after country, the UN's birth figures are far higher than what those countries officially report.
For example, the Colombian government reports births 25% lower than what the UN claims. In Egypt and Türkiye, the gap is ~12%. 2/8
On top bad birth data, the UN's population projections are absurdly optimistic. In most countries birthrates have been dropping like a rock. Yet the UN projects birthrates will bounce right back up.
There is no evidence for this. The causes of low birthrates haven't reversed. 3/8
Resisting Birthrate Decline Through Culture: How one part of Japan bucks the trend
Japan's woes are well known, its population long in decline, it's economy stagnating.
Yet one prefecture continues to grow, not through policy but through a pronatal culture.
🧵, please share!
For more than forty years, Okinawa has had far higher fertility than any other prefecture (Stone, 2024).
But Okinawa's fertility used to be lower than the 🇯🇵 average (map by @yz7sha).
How did Okinawa manage to develop a pronatal culture, so different from the rest of Japan? 2/9
The story starts after World War II.
Unlike the United States or most countries that participated in the war, Japan never had a postwar baby boom, and a 2016 paper explains why.
Facing defeat and a loss of resources, Japan embarked on a crash program of population control. 3/9
A wonderful paper by Spears et al. showed that population reduction would have almost no impact on climate change.
Why? The main reason is that a baby born today will emit much less carbon than someone born a generation ago, and their children will emit even less carbon. 🧵
Most previous forecasts of how population would impact climate assumed that carbon emissions would continue at the same rate indefinitely.
But per-capita carbon consumption has been falling sharply and will fall even faster in the future as renewable energy takes over. 2/4
Meanwhile, because of population momentum, total population takes decades to change meaningfully.
By the time depopulation kicks in, per capita carbon emissions will be much lower than they are today, and so the climate impacts of population by then will be much lower. 3/4
Knowing birthrates are driven by a stack of factors lets us figure out what is happening in each country and what its 👶 bottlenecks are.
Things like beliefs about children, marriage, housing conditions, religiosity, work culture and more all have a big impact.
🧵, please share!
In Spain (TFR 1.12), big hurdles include a huge fraction of young people living with their parents (driven by relatively poor employment for young people), the high share of housing that is small apartments, and declining faith among the young. 2/13
Poland (TFR 1.11) has a culture that is obsessive about work, with the longest work hours in Europe. After the fall of Communism, almost 70% of young Poles regularly practiced religion; today, less than 25% do. Housing is small and crowded. 3/13