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Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
@vipintukur
Jun 1 • 6 tweets • 2 min read Twitter logo Read on Twitter
How is immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced and subsequently controlled?

A new study has uncovered an important role for #complement in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. 1/
Complement rapidly opsonized SARS-CoV-2 via lectin pathway. Complement-opsonized SARS2 efficiently interacted w/ dendritic cells (DCs), inducing Type I IFN & pro-inflammatory cytokine responses, which were inhibited by antibodies against complement receptors (CR)3 and CR4. 2/ ImageImage
These findings suggest that complement is important in inducing immunity via DCs in the acute phase against SARS-CoV-2. 3/
“Strikingly, serum from COVID-19 patients as well as monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 attenuated innate and adaptive immunity induced by complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2. Blocking the FcyRII, CD32, restored complement-induced immunity” 4/ Image
These data strongly suggest that complement opsonization of SARS-CoV-2 is important for inducing innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Subsequent induction of antibody responses is important to limit the immune responses & restore immune homeostasis. 5/
These findings might be exploited
for future therapeutic options to improve antiviral immune responses via triggering not yet considered host mechanisms, ie complement receptors expressed on immune cells. 6/

biorxiv.org/content/10.110…

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More from @vipintukur

Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Jun 1
Most individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 will recover without developing pneumonia. A few infected patients, however, develop pneumonia, and occasionally develop cytokine storms. 1/
In such cases, it is assumed that there is an inadequate immune response to eliminate viral infected cells & an excessive inappropriate immune response causing organ damage. 2/
A new study concludes that the imbalance of CD4+ T-cell immunity generates excessive immunity that does not lead to viral eradication. 3/

biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Read 8 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
May 23
Through antigenic evolution, viruses evade recognition by NAbs elicited by previous infection or vaccination. So, a person w/ antibodies well-tuned to an initial infection will not be protected against the same virus years later & vaccine-mediated protection will also decay. 1/
In a new Preprint, @trvrb et al assess adaptive evolution across the viral genome in 28 endemic viruses, spanning a wide range of viral families and transmission modes. 2/ Image
They find that surface proteins consistently show the highest rates of adaptation, and estimate that 10 viruses in this panel undergo antigenic evolution to selectively fix mutations that enable the virus to escape recognition by prior immunity. 3/ Image
Read 12 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
May 22
What could be the public health impact of Bivalent vaccines & Paxlovid against severe COVID-19?

A modelling study from California, concludes that for both Bivalent vaccines & Paxlovid, the most efficient strategy for averting severe COVID-19 is targeting the 75+ years group. 1/
Researchers predicted that perfect coverage of bivalent boosters in the 75+ years group would avert 3,920 hospitalizations (7.8% total averted, NNT* 387) and 1,074 deaths (16.2% total averted, NNT 1,410)

*NNT: Number Needed to Treat 2/
Perfect uptake of Paxlovid in the 75+ years group would avert 5,644 hospitalizations (11.2% total averted; NNT 11) and 1,669 deaths (25.2% total averted; NNT 35). 3/ Image
Read 4 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
May 20
Knowledge of the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs is vital for understanding the epidemiology of COVID-19 & establishing effective control measures. In this context, three key indicators are the incubation period, serial interval, and generation time. 1/
Let’s see what these terms mean:

-Incubation period: interval between an individual's time of infection & symptom onset

-Serial interval: interval between symptom onset of the infector& symptom onset of the infectee(s) 2/
-Generation time: interval between the infector's time of infection & the infectee(s)'s time of infection 3/
Read 7 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
May 20
In the context of COVID-19, it became evident that a rapid interferon (IFN) response at the site of primary infection is key for successful control of the virus & prevention of severe disease. 1/
It is shown that the airway epithelium of children was shown to exhibit a primed state already and to respond particularly well to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the underlying mechanism for this priming remained elusive. 2/
A new study shows that interactions between airway mucosal immune cells and epithelial cells are stronger in children, and via cytokine-mediated signaling lead to IRF-1-dependent upregulation of the viral sensors RIG-I & MDA5. 3/ Image
Read 7 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
May 19
Why is COVID life-threatening for some people?

How genetics might have contributed to disease severity!

A new UK study with 2000 authors finds that immune genes could play a part in the risk of needing intensive care when infected with SARS-CoV-2. 1/
Researchers analyse 24,202 cases of COVID-19 with critical illness comprising a combination of microarray genotype and whole-genome sequencing data from cases of critical illness in the international GenOMICC (11,440 cases) study. 2/
The study found 49 DNA sequences that are associated with becoming critically ill from COVID-19. Sixteen of these had not been reported previously. 3/ Image
Read 6 tweets

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