The SILENT PANDEMIC: Emergent ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCES following the global response to SARS-CoV-2
SUMMARY :
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics during the pandemic may lead to the development of resistant bacterial strains. This is particularly concerning as ...
2) ... antibiotic resistance is a growing global threat and could lead to a silent pandemic that is just as deadly as COVID-19. The study emphasizes the need for appropriate use of antibiotics and the development of new antimicrobial therapies to combat emerging resistant strains
4) Fig. Antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19 mortalities
5) Fig. Antibiotic therapeutic resistance and bacterial co-infections
6) DISCUSSION
The increased use of antibiotic therapeutics during this pandemic is anticipated to result in the rapid emergence of novel, deadly, AMR pathogens. This crisis will only be mitigated by an active communication to the public about the risk of these infections
We began this extensive series of discussions by mentioning that @VirusesImmunity has identified four hypotheses for long COVID: viral persistence, autoimmunity, reactivation of ..
2)...of dormant viruses, and macroscopic/microscopic tissue damage.
In our exploration, we focused on the concept of viral persistence. However, it is important to note that in the case of reinfection, there may be other factors at play that could worsen the risk of long COVID.
3) Thanks to @antiviral_mktng and @_CatintheHat who compiled a list of studies examining the link between long COVID and reinfection. We really appreciate their contribution.
(3𝘳𝘥 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵)
Before discussing the clearance of the virus from our organs, it is important to acknowledge the persistence of the virus in immunocompromised individuals.
2) Not only does the virus remain in our organs and induce a persistent inflammatory state, but it also utilizes this opportunity to mutate and further spread among the global population.
2) ... people's jobs and mental health in the UK.
Keys findings are:
- People with Long COVID for over 6 months are much more likely to lose their jobs compared to people who didn't have COVID-19. This suggests Long COVID can cause people to leave the workforce
3) - For people who are still working, Long COVID makes them more likely to take time off work completely, rather than just working fewer hours. This shows employers may not be providing enough support for people with Long COVID.
2) In this thread, we will share a variety of studies.
These studies may present contrasting or complementary findings, allowing you to form your own perspective on the subject.
3) "SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)"
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in the plasma of PASC patients, even over a year later, further supports the idea of an ongoing reservoir. nature.com/articles/s4159…
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected older adults and those with underlying health conditions. frontiersin.org/journals/immun…
2) Studies show the virus may accelerate biological aging, as measured by epigenetic changes and telomere length.
Multiple studies found COVID-19 patients, especially those with severe illness, have increased epigenetic age compared to their chronological age.
3)This suggests the virus drives premature aging at the molecular level.
Similarly, COVID-19 patients often had shorter telomeres, which are protective caps on chromosomes that shorten with age. Shorter telomeres were linked to more severe disease and poorer outcomes, potentially
Akiko Iwasaki @VirusesImmunity proposes 4 possible hypotheses for the long COVID...
2) ... condition’s initiation and progression.
They are: 1. Persistent viral loads or remnants hidden away in tissue and causing chronic inflammation. 2. Our body’s own disease-fighting B and T cells triggering an immune response ... medicine.yale.edu/lab/iwasaki/
3) ... and subsequent inflammation in a process called autoimmunity. 3. Dormant viruses reactivating, and/or dysbiosis of microbiome disturbing our body’s homeostasis. 4. Macroscopic and microscopic tissue damage resulting from the infection."