NO PROTECTION AGAINST SARS-COV-2 / DOPAMINE DROP / DOPAMINERGIC NEURONAL LOSS ?
This is only a hypothesis, but it is shocking, that the majority of the world's population has decided, to no longer protect themselves, against one of the most dangerous viruses.
2) Admittedly, when we study the history of pandemics, after a certain time, there has often been a relaxation of protective measures, linked to "pandemic fatigue".
3) But if pandemic fatigue alone wasn't enough to explain the phenomenal risk most people take by not protecting themselves ?
To try to understand, we must first go back to the construction of "habits" in our brain.
There are 3 stages.
4) Stage 1. As we repeat a behavior, a feedback loop between the sensorimotor cortex and the striatum becomes strongly engaged, which helps us stamp routines into a single unit, or chunk, of brain activity. The chunk partly relies on "dopamine input" from the midbrain.
5) Stage 2. New behavior explored: The prefrontal cortex communicates with the striatum, and the striatum communicates with the midbrain, where "dopamine" aids learning and assigns value to goals.
6) Stage 3. Habit imprinted and permitted.
Aided by "dopamine", the infralimbic cortex also seems to control when to allow us to engage in a habit; shutting down this region can suppress deeply ingrained routines.
7) In terms of habit formation, for example the habit of protecting or no longer protecting oneself, dopamine plays a decisive role.
This is not new and we know the major role of dopamine for motivation and conversely its role in depression. healthdirect.gov.au/dopamine#:~:te…
8) I will certainly be criticized for such an extreme hypothesis but several studies show that SARS-COV-2 attacks in the brain the mechanisms of regulation of dopamine. sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
9) "Yang et al. demonstrated that a Spike-enabled pseudo-entry virus is able to infect dopaminergic neurons"
Fig. SARS-CoV-2 antigens were detected in both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra nature.com/articles/s4153…
10) "Our findings expand the knowledge about the neurodegenerative process that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can induce, especially to dopaminergic neurons, underlying long-term neurological impairment in COVID-19 patients." biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
11) "Dopamine Transmission Imbalance in Neuroinflammation: Perspectives on Long-Term COVID-19" mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/6…
13) I repeat that this is only a hypothesis.
Has infection with the Dopaminergic Neuron SARS-COV-2 caused a drop in dopamine levels in many individuals, and caused a change in their risk compartment?
I will let the experts answer this question.
@MeetJess @LauraMiers @elisaperego78 @DavidJoffe64 @xabitron1 @HarrySpoelstra @1goodtern @0bj3ctivity @_ppmv @Alitis__ @FLAHAULT @Antonio_Caramia @mrmickme @C_A_Gustave @arijitchakrav DYSFUNCTION of DOPAMINERGIC system = RISK TAKING while SEEKING REWARD
We mentioned it at the start of this thread. Part of the population is taking risks in the face of the virus in search of an easy life. This study sheds new light on this subject. nature.com/articles/s4158…
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2) The study introduces AIR-SPACE, a method combining high-resolution spatial mapping and immune receptor sequencing. Using this, researchers studied viral infection in mouse lymph nodes and made several discoveries.
3) Early infection stages showed distinct "activation hubs" in the lymph node where immune cells produced high levels of the antiviral protein interferon-gamma. These hubs had unique gene expression patterns based on location.
2) This study examined how different COVID-19 variants affect macrophages, immune cells crucial for fighting infections. Researchers exposed macrophages to 5 variants - original, Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Omicron - plus the pre-pandemic OC43 coronavirus.
3) All variants entered macrophages but did not replicate inside. However, macrophages could still pass the virus to more susceptible cells. Interestingly, macrophages showed vastly different gene activity responses to the variants.
2) COVID-19 saw rapid SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Pre-Omicron, prior infection provided strong, lasting protection against reinfection. But Omicron changed this - recent Omicron infections only briefly protected, with protection waning quickly.
3) Researchers link this to a shift in evolutionary pressures. Initially, the virus adapted to spread more easily. But with Omicron, when many had immunity, it evolved to evade that immunity through mutations, especially in the spike protein.
How antibodies like ICO-hu104 can neutralize SARS-CoV-2, even as the virus mutates, by targeting regions of the spike protein beyond just the receptor binding domain biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
2) The SARS-CoV-2 virus has a spike protein that lets it infect human cells. Researchers studied an antibody called ICO-hu104 that binds to the spike protein. They found that when ICO-hu104 binds, it changes a part of the spike protein called HR1.
3) This could prevent the virus from fusing with and entering human cells. The researchers think this is how ICO-hu104 can neutralize the virus, even as it mutates.
The NASAL IMMUNE RESPONSE:
How Human Lymphoid Tissues Combat SARS-CoV-2 and Shape Lasting Immunity – Insights from Groundbreaking Biopsy Research on Adaptive Defense Mechanisms Against Viral Challenges
(Key study in Nature 💯💥) nature.com/articles/s4159…
2) The study looks at how the immune system in the nose reacts to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19. Researchers took small tissue samples from the nasal area to see how immune cells respond during infection and recovery.
3) They found that certain immune cells, like monocytes and macrophages, help protect and repair the tissue. B cells, which make antibodies, showed strong antiviral activity.
BATTLEGROUND WITHIN:
How CANCER CELLS and SARS-CoV-2 DISRUPT MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION to Undermine Immune Defense
(🧵mega-thread with articles, reviews and studies)
In a recent review, they show that Cancer cells can undermine the immune system ...
2) ... by transferring defective mitochondria to T cells, reducing their cancer-fighting abilities. This challenges the belief that mitochondria remain with their original cells.
Article : nature.com/articles/d4158…
Reference study : nature.com/articles/s4158…
3) While SARS-CoV-2 does not "poison" the immune system in the same manner as cancer cells with tainted mitochondria, it does interfere with mitochondrial function, which can compromise immune responses and contribute to disease severity.
Here are latest research in this area