Thread by @DavidCranmerUn1

Sudha Chivukula | Vaccine Congress Europe

Sudha is the Head of Discovery Biology at Sanofi's mRNA Center of Excellence, building knowledge, technology and tools required to evaluate new designs for mRNA therapies. Her interdisciplinary research team terrapinn.com/conference/wor…

covers a spectrum of scientific endeavors involving cell biology, translational biology, virology, and immunology.

Sanofi was founded in 1973 as a subsidiary of Elf Aquitaine (a French oil company subsequently acquired by Total), when Elf Aquitaine took control of the Labaz

group, a pharmaceutical company formed in 1947 by Sociéte Belge de l'Azote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly; Labaz developed benziodarone in 1957.

Sanofi made its first significant venture into the US, and strengthened its presence in Eastern Europe, by first partnering with

Sterling Winthrop and then acquiring the prescription pharmaceuticals business in 1994.

Sterling Winthrop was established in 1901 (then called Neuralgyline Co.) in Wheeling, West Virginia, by Albert H. Diebold and William E. Weiss, a pharmacist. At the end of World War I in

1918, Sterling purchased the US assets of a German company now known as Bayer AG for US$5.3 million. This purchase was directed under the Alien Property Custodian Act.

In 1925, Bayer merged with five other German companies to form IG Farben, creating the world's largest

chemical and pharmaceutical company. Following World War II, the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben's assets because of its role in the Nazi war effort and involvement in the Holocaust, including using slave labour from concentration camps and humans for dangerous

medical testing, and production of Zyklon B, a chemical used in gas chambers.

Heroin (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug, was introduced as a non-addictive substitute for morphine, and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant

and over-the-counter treatment for other common ailments, including pneumonia and tuberculosis. Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, but the company led the way in commercializing it.

Helmuth Vetter, an Auschwitz camp physician, SS captain and employee of the

Bayer group within IG Farben conducted medical experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp.

After the war, some employees of Bayer appeared in the IG Farben Trial, one of the Nuremberg Subsequent Tribunals under US jurisdiction. Among them was

Fritz ter Meer, who helped to plan the Monowitz camp (Auschwitz III) and IG Farben's Buna Werke factory at Auschwitz, where medical experimentation had been conducted and where 25,000 forced laborers were deployed.

Fritz ter Meer was responsible for running negotiations between

IG Farben and Standard Oil.

Fritz ter Meer was released early in the summer of 1950 because of "good behaviour" from Landsberg Prison. In 1956 Meer became Chairman of the board for IG Farben spinoff, Bayer AG. He held the position of supervisory board chairman until 1964. In

subsequent years, he also took on board positions at a number of other companies, including, among others, Theodor Goldschmidt, Commerzbank, Association of German Banks, Duewag, VIAG and Union Bank AG, West Germany.

Hans Goldschmidt was born in Berlin on 18 January 1861. He was

a student of Robert Bunsen. His father, Theodor Goldschmidt, was the founder of the chemical company Chemische Fabrik Th. Goldschmidt which eventually became part of the modern company Degussa, and Hans and his brother Karl Hering managed this company for many years.

During World War II, one of Degussa's (Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheide-Anstalt, "German Gold and Silver Refining") subsidiaries, Degesch (translation: German Corporation for Pest control), was the main manufacturer and distributor of the chemical Zyklon B, which was used to

murder people in gas chambers of German extermination and concentration camps during the Holocaust.

In 2006, RAG acquired Degussa AG, which was later renamed Evonik-Degussa GmbH.

Its latest acquisition is the Tippecanoe Labs plant site at Lafayette, Indiana from Eli Lilly on

1 January 2010.

The Daniels family moved to Indiana from Pennsylvania in 1959 when Mitch Daniel’s father accepted a job at the Indianapolis headquarters of the pharmaceutical company Pitman-Moore.

In 1970, while an undergraduate at Princeton, Mitch Daniels and three roommates

were a part of a several months long drug investigation that began on Saturday, March 7, 1970, when one of Daniels's roommates was arrested for possessing "large quantities" of marijuana and other drugs. Two months later police raided the same residence hall, finding enough

marijuana to fill two size 12 shoeboxes and arresting five additional individuals, including Daniels. Daniels and a roommate were charged with possession of marijuana, LSD and other drugs.

In 1987, Mitch Daniels returned to Indiana as president and CEO of the Hudson Institute.

Daniels managed strategy to deflect attacks on Lilly's Prozac product by a public relations campaign against the drug being waged by the Church of Scientology.

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Congress passed legislation authorizing the creation of the

Department of Homeland Security. Just before the legislation was signed by George W. Bush, Republican lawmakers inserted language into the bill that authorized protection from liability corporations that manufactured thimerosal, a controversial vaccine preservative that has been

the subject of multiple lawsuits. Eli Lilly was once the largest maker of thimerosal and is a major target of the lawsuits. Mitch Daniels was the budget director at the time of the bill's passing and some have raised concerns over potential conflicts of interest.

Morris Kharasch, a chemist then at the University of Maryland filed a patent application for thiomersal in 1927; Eli Lilly later marketed the compound under the trade name Merthiolate.

When World War II began, the US government recognized the need for a synthetic rubber and

employed the best chemists around to aid in this effort. In 1942, Kharasch joined the American Synthetic Rubber Research Program and applied his knowledge of radical reactions to aid in the polymerization of synthetic styrene.

In 1909, a team headed by Fritz Hofmann, working at

the Bayer laboratory in Elberfeld, Germany, succeeded in polymerizing isoprene, making the first synthetic rubber.

By 1940, the Soviet Union had the largest synthetic rubber industry in the world, producing more than 50,000 tons per year. During World War II,

Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev’s process of obtaining butadiene from ethyl alcohol was also used by the German rubber industry.

Another important contribution of Lebedev's was the study of the kinetics of hydrogenation of ethylene hydrocarbons and the development of a number of

synthetic motor oils for aircraft engines.

Founded in 1923, Ethyl Corp was formed by General Motors and Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso). General Motors had the "use patent" for tetraethyllead (TEL) as an antiknock, based on the work of Thomas Midgley Jr., Charles Kettering,

and later Charles Allen Thomas, and Esso had the patent for the manufacture of TEL

William Stamos Farish II had been a principal in a partnership between a Standard Oil of New Jersey/General Motors owned company, Ethyl Gasoline Corporation, and the German company I.G. Farben.

This jointly owned venture, Ethyl GmbH, was involved with the creation of the Auschwitz labor camp on June 14, 1940, to produce artificial rubber from coal and they also built then operated tetraethyllead plants in Germany.

On March 25, 1942, U.S. Assistant Attorney General

Thurman Arnold announced that Farish, along with other officers of Standard Oil and related companies, pleaded "no contest" in the criminal courts of Newark, New Jersey to criminally conspiring with the Nazi government in Germany. As part of a plea bargain, the charges were

dropped in exchange for Standard Oil releasing its German patents and payment of fines totaling about $50,000.

Thurmond Arnold returned to private practice in Washington, D.C. where, along with Paul A. Porter and Abe Fortas, he co-founded the law firm known today as

Arnold & Porter.

Abe Fortas remained an associate justice, but in 1969, a new scandal arose. Fortas had accepted a US$20,000 retainer from the family foundation of Wall Street financier Louis Wolfson, a friend and former client, in January 1966.

A 1951 takeover of

Merritt-Chapman & Scott made Louis Wolfson Chairman and CEO of the marine construction and salvage firm, but Wolfson expanded the company into shipbuilding, chemicals, and money lending, becoming one of the first conglomerates. The corporation won numerous multimillion-dollar

contracts for high-profile projects, including the Glen Canyon Dam in Arizona, the United States Navy supercarrier Kitty Hawk and the Mackinac Bridge that linked Michigan's lower and upper peninsulas. Wolfson became nationally known in 1955, when he unsuccessfully attempted a

hostile takeover of Montgomery Ward and Co.

In 1971, Wolfson filed a complaint against Larry King—then a Miami radio host, later a CNN personality—for allegedly pocketing $5,000, part of a $25,000 payment destined for New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, who was

investigating President John F. Kennedy's assassination. King was arrested for grand larceny, but the original criminal charges were dismissed as the statute of limitations had elapsed. While a judge subsequently threw out the charge, King pled no contest to one count of passing

bad checks.

Nebraskan "Hugh Cox, famous as Thurman Arnold's chief deputy" and also as an early partner at Root Clark & Bird (later Root, Clark, Buckner & Ballantine; later Dewey Ballantine, later Dewey & LeBouef) was attorney for Donald Hiss, brother of Alger Hiss. Both Cox

and Hiss were partners at Covington & Burling, where he was called the "perfect advocate") during the Hiss-Chambers Case."

His son George Arnold married and raised a family with Ellen Cameron Pearson, daughter of columnist Drew Pearson and granddaughter of Cissy Patterson, owner

of the Washington Times-Herald.

Sarah Bloom Raskin worked as an associate at Arnold & Porter and as counsel for the Senate Banking Committee.

Merrick Garland served as a law clerk to Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and to

U.S. Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr., and then practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter, after which he worked as a federal prosecutor in the United States Department of Justice, where he supervised the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City

bombers.

Garland then briefly returned to Arnold & Porter, working there from 1992 to 1993.

In 1993, Garland joined the new Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice.

The following year,

Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelick – a key mentor of Garland's – asked Garland to be her principal associate deputy attorney general.

In that role, Garland's responsibilities included the supervision of high-profile domestic-terrorism cases, including the Oklahoma City

bombing, Ted Kaczynski (also known as the "Unabomber"), and the Atlanta Olympics bombings.

In his second year at Harvard, Kaczynski participated in a study described by author Alston Chase as a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment" led by Harvard psychologist

Henry Murray.

Murray was also a co-developer, with Christiana Morgan, of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), which he referred to as "the second best-seller that Harvard ever published, second only to the Harvard Dictionary of Music".

During World War II, Henry Murray left

Harvard and worked as lieutenant colonel for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). James Miller, in charge of the selection of secret agents at the OSS during World War II, said the situation test was used by British War Officer Selection Board and OSS to assess potential

agents.
In 1943 Murray helped complete Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler, commissioned by OSS boss Gen. William "Wild Bill" Donovan. The report was done in collaboration with psychoanalyst Walter C. Langer, Ernst Kris, New School for Social Research, and

Bertram D. Lewin, New York Psychoanalytic Institute. The report used many sources to profile Hitler, including informants such as Ernst Hanfstaengl.

In 1960, Timothy Leary started research in psychedelic drugs at Harvard, which Henry Murray is said to have supervised.

From 1954 to 1958, Timothy Leary directed psychiatric research at the Kaiser Family Foundation.

KFF, which was formerly known as The Kaiser Family Foundation or The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, is an American non-profit organization, headquartered in San Francisco,

California.

KFF was established in 1948 by Henry J. Kaiser. At that time, the organization, which was known as the Kaiser Family Foundation, was originally set up in Oakland, California, the same city in which Kaiser Permanente's headquarters were located. Later, KFF moved to

Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, about 35 miles away from Oakland.

For many years, Sand Hill Road's northern end terminated in the middle of Stanford Shopping Center's parking lot, and the only four-lane segment was the section from Interstate 280 to Santa Cruz Avenue (the section

where all the venture capitalists are housed).

In 1954, excavators broke ground on what was once Leland Stanford's vineyards. Nine buildings housing 45 businesses were built. The Roos Brothers clothing store opened as the first retailer in September 1955 and Blum's restaurant

opened on October 22, 1956, marking the completion of the center. Board of trustees Chair Lloyd Dinkelspiel and university President J. E. Wallace Sterling presided at the opening and Shirley Temple Black cut the first slice of a nine-tiered cake. San Francisco department store

The Emporium and luxury specialty department store I. Magnin & Co. were the original anchors.

Victoria's Secret was founded by Roy Raymond, and his wife, Gaye Raymond, on June 12, 1977.

The first store was opened in the Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California.

Raymond sold the company to Les Wexner, creator of Limited Stores Inc of Columbus, Ohio, for $1 million.

In 1983, Les Wexner revamped Victoria's Secret's sales model towards a greater focus on female customers.