Share this page!

Enter URL or ID to Unroll

You can paste full URL like: https://x.com/threadreaderapp/status/1644127596119195649
or just the ID like: 1644127596119195649

How to get URL link on X (Twitter) App

  1. On the Twitter thread, click on or icon on the bottom
  2. Click again on or Share Via icon
  3. Click on Copy Link to Tweet
  4. Paste it above and click "Unroll Thread"!
  5. More info at Twitter Help
Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Oct 6, 2023 β€’ 12 tweets β€’ 5 min read β€’ Read on X
Scrolly
SARS-COV-2 for KIDS πŸ‘©β€β€οΈβ€πŸ‘¨
IMMUNITY, the lines of defense against the virus ...
(with amazing videos) Image
2) A short introduction ...
2) From the start of the infection, our body will react with a certain number of lines of defense Image
3) In term of innate immunity, there are, before the interferons, the toll-like receptors (TLRs). To keep it simple, due to the complexity of this subject, we propose you a brief discovery with this video
4) It is these receptors which will trigger interferons and cytokines.
Interferons are a group of proteins, which work by inhibiting the replication of viruses and stimulating the immune system to mount a defense against the infection Image
5) Cytokines are a broad category of small proteins or peptides that are involved in cell signaling. They regulate various aspects of immune responses, including inflammation, cell growth, and cell differentiation. Image
6) We will return later to this important subject of the manipulation of interferons by SARS-COV-2.
In a defective immune response this leads to further accumulation of immune cells, causing overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a "cytokine storm" .. Image
7) ... which damages the lung infrastructure and circulates to other organs, leading to multi-organ damage. COVID-19 is a multisystem inflammatory disease. Image
8) Finally, there is what we call the adaptive immunity, composed of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Image
9) It is thanks to these adaptive immunity mechanisms that for example the CD4+ T-cells helpers or the antibodies will be produced.
10) In conclusion, for those interested, we had already posted a thread for kids.
11) Thanks for reading πŸ™
REFERENCES.
Studies


Video :
FYI
@MeetJess @LauraMiers @DavidJoffe64 @RadCentrism @HarrySpoelstra @1goodtern @outbreakupdates @UseBy2022 @mrmickme @RolandBakerIII
@AltenbergLee nature.com/articles/s4157…
nature.com/articles/s4159…
proteinlounge.com/animation_deta…
Image

β€’ β€’ β€’

Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to force a refresh
γ€€

Keep Current with Emmanuel

Emmanuel Profile picture

Stay in touch and get notified when new unrolls are available from this author!

Read all threads

This Thread may be Removed Anytime!

PDF

Twitter may remove this content at anytime! Save it as PDF for later use!

Try unrolling a thread yourself!

how to unroll video
  1. Follow @ThreadReaderApp to mention us!

  2. From a Twitter thread mention us with a keyword "unroll"
@threadreaderapp unroll

Practice here first or read more on our help page!

More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Dec 11
POLYGENIC DETERMINANTS OF H5N1 ADAPTATION TO BOVINE CELLS

H5N1 avian influenza virus (lineage 2.3.4.4b, B3.13 genotype) has unexpectedly caused a large outbreak in dairy cattle in North America.

biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) The study focused on understanding how the internal genomic segments of this virus have adapted to bovine cells. The researchers generated 45 reassortant viruses and found that multiple segments of the B3.13 viruses contribute to their faster replicative fitness ... Image
3) ...in bovine cells, compared to other influenza A viruses. Additionally, the B3.13 recombinants were less susceptible to the bovine interferon response, but still restricted by the human MX1 protein. Image
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Dec 11
The SARS-COV-2 "HIJACKOME"
explained in a few figures
(Part 1)

The "hijackome" refers to the set of host cell components and processes that the SARS-CoV-2 virus exploits or "hijacks" to enable its own replication and spread within the infected cells. Image
2) The figure 1c shows the levels of key SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins (e.g. nucleocapsid, spike) over the course of infection in the host cells. The Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 variants had slower initial increases in viral protein levels compared to other variants, but ... Image
3)...reached similar high levels by the later 36-hour timepoint.

Potential explanation for slower early kinetics: The study suggests this slower early infection progression for Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 may be due to differences in their replication and entry mechanisms compared ...
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Dec 5
GENETIC FACTORS play a MAJOR ROLE in how the IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONDS to COVID-19.
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) The researchers found thousands of genetic variants that influence gene expression in immune cells, and many of these were specific to COVID-19 patients. They also discovered that the effects of these genetic variants depend on the functional state of the immune cells. Image
3) Importantly, the genetic risk factors for severe COVID-19 were linked to these patient-specific genetic effects on gene expression. Overall, the results highlight how an individual's genetics can significantly shape their immune response and ... Image
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Dec 2
How LONG can H5N1 REMAIN STABLE in RAW MILK?
Why does the widespread DETECTION of H5N1 in WASTEWATER NOT LEAD to a HIGH NUMBER of HUMAN CASES?

biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) The study found that H5N1 is remarkably stable in raw milk, with a half-life of 2.1 days at 4Β°C. This means infectious virus could persist for over a month in refrigerated raw milk from infected cows. Even at room temperature (22Β°C), the half-life was 0.74 days ... Image
3) ...retaining infectivity for up to 3 weeks. The high protein content of milk appears to stabilize the virus.

In contrast, H5N1 had a much shorter half-life of only 0.48 days (12 hours) at 22Β°C in wastewater. The rapid inactivation of the virus in wastewater likely ...
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Dec 1
UNDERSTANDING the EMERGENCE and SPREAD of NEW VARIANTS

Example of Dispersal history of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1) in Spain
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11…Image
2) The dominant factors that contributed to the emergence and spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants in Spain appear to be:

▢️ Relaxation of control measures: The study links the increased introductions and spread of Delta and Omicron-BA.1 to the "lifting of certain control measures" Image
3)..and "easing of travel restrictions," suggesting relaxed public health interventions were key.

▢️ Seasonal factors and human mobility: The Delta wave coincided with the "summer period, when Spain receives a considerable number of tourists," indicating seasonal changes and... Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Nov 27
The DANGER THEORY of IMMUNITY revisited
(A fascinating study πŸ’―πŸ‘)

This theory proposed by Polly Matzinger in 1994, suggests that the immune system responds primarily to signs of tissue stress or damage rather than just recognizing foreign invaders.
nature.com/articles/s4157…Image
2) This means that for the immune system to react effectively, it needs two things: the ability to recognize harmful substances (antigenicity) and signals that indicate tissue damage (adjuvanticity). Image
3) Research shows that cancer cells and viruses can trick the immune system by hiding these damage signals. Additionally, imbalances in gut bacteria can weaken the immune system's response to infections. Image
Read 5 tweets

Did Thread Reader help you today?

Support us! We are indie developers!

This site is made by just two indie developers on a laptop doing marketing, support and development! Read more about the story.

Become a Premium Member ($3/month or $30/year) and get exclusive features!

Become Premium

Don't want to be a Premium member but still want to support us?

Make a small donation by buying us coffee ($5) or help with server cost ($10)

Donate via Paypal

Or Donate anonymously using crypto!

Ethereum

0xfe58350B80634f60Fa6Dc149a72b4DFbc17D341E copy

Bitcoin

3ATGMxNzCUFzxpMCHL5sWSt4DVtS8UqXpi copy

Thank you for your support!

Follow Us!

Send Email!

:(