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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Oct 23 • 10 tweets • 3 min read Twitter logo Read on Twitter
ORF.8 a key protein !
(mega-thread + add. studies) Image
2) An interesting protein
3) ... the removal of ORF8
4) ... under purifying selection
5) ... an immune and viral modulator
6) ... under positive selection
7) ... in few visualizations
8) ADDITIONAL REFERENCES :

The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates immune evasion through down-regulating MHC-Ι

SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 modulates lung inflammation and clinical disease progression
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pn…
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
9) Discovery and Genomic Characterization of a 382-Nucleotide Deletion in ORF7b and ORF8 during the Early Evolution of SARS-CoV-2

A unique view of SARS-CoV-2 through the lens of ORF8 protein journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mb…
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
10) Thanks for reading 🙏

FYI
@DavidJoffe64 @mrmickme @_ppmv @RealCheckMarker @arijitchakrav @RadCentrism
@SGriffin_Lab @maolesen @vipintukur @RolandBakerIII @outbreakupdates @UseBy2022 @siamosolocani Image

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 24
ABSOLUTELY KEY STUDY (don't miss it !)

"Population immunity predicts evolutionary trajectories of SARS-CoV-2" cell.com/cell/fulltext/…
Image
2) "The large-scale evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been marked by rapid turnover of genetic clades. New variants show intrinsic changes, notably increased transmissibility, and antigenic changes that reduce cross-immunity induced by previous infections or vaccinations." Image
3) "We track time-resolved data of SARS-CoV-2 in a set of 13 countries or US states. We obtain the cumulative population fractions of reported infections and of primary, booster, and bivalent-booster vaccinations. These data show that population immunity rose sharply" Image
Read 17 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 23
FAST or FURIOUS ?
(2nd part)

Why did the virus mutate to become faster and less "furious"? There is no simple answer, but several hypotheses that we will try to describe.
Let's not forget that a virus more infectious than lethal, is more dangerous. Image
2) With the emergence at the end of 2021, of Omicron then XBBs, two mutations in the E-protein appeared respectively, which several studies have shown to have reduced the pathogenicity of the virus.
Image
Image
3) Two key mutations !
Read 12 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 22
COVID-19: LONG-TERM MODIFICATIONS in the STRUCTURE of DNA !

This study has been posted several times but I would like to explain first in layman terms why it is a major study.
Some definitions :
EPIGENETIC changes refer to modifications in the structure of DNA ... Image
2) ... that do not alter the underlying genetic code but can influence gene expression.

HEMATOPOIETIC stem cells are responsible for producing different types of blood cells, including myeloid cells, which play a crucial role in the immune response. Image
3) In the case of severe COVID, the epigenetic changes influence gene expression patterns in the myeloid cells that are derived from these stem cells. The immune system of these individuals may undergo long-lasting alterations as a result of the COVID-19 infection. Image
Read 13 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 22
FAST or FURIOUS ?
(layman terms)

I hope people will forgive me this shortcut, but in general viruses choose to be "fast" (very infectious, like flu) or "furious" (very deadly like Nipah or Ebola) rarely both. Image
2) This gives me the opportunity to redefine some terms:
TRANSMISSIBILITY refers to a pathogen's capacity to pass from one organism to another
INFECTIVITY is the ability of a
pathogen to establish an infection
A virus can therefore be very infectious but not easily transmissible Image
3) PATHOGENICITY is the property to cause a disease.

A virus can be infectious and not very pathogenic. COVID-19 is in this sense interesting since there are a lot of asymptomatic people, but also a lot of LONG COVID. A shifted temporality of pathogenicity. Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 19
MACROPHAGES and CYTOKINES
(mega-thread + new study)
2) Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune response to COVID-19. Once activated, macrophages release various signaling molecules called cytokines. However, in some cases, an excessive release of cytokines, known as a cytokine storm, can occur.
3) We already tried to explain in in a thread about mucosal immunity, the key role of this cytokine storm
Read 8 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 19
"SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the Omicron era"
(from the variant trackers, @siamosolocani @LongDesertTrain @CorneliusRoemer @PeacockFlu ...)
(The full version as it is paywall ! ☹️) Image
2) Image
3) Image
Read 8 tweets

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