Banksters financing the 3d reich project by the Swedish, UK and US oligarchy
"This article aims at explaining the Nazis IG Farben, the industrial engine behind the WW2, the prerequisite is that wallenberg is reforming the german banking system prior to the genocide and WW2" /Bombadil
Dulles brothers and Hitler
(Yes that is the US secretary of state and CIA boss that JFK sacked)
On January 4, 1933, Hitler met with the Dulles brothers at Baron Kurt von Schroder's home in Cologne to guarantee Hitler the funds needed to install him as Chancellor of Germany.
Warburg bank Kuhn, Loeb Co
The Dulles brothers were there as legal representatives of the Warburg bank Kuhn, Loeb Co., which had extended large short-term credits to Germany and therefore needed guarantees for repayment.
On 11 June 1934, Bank of England Chairman Montague Norman and German Riksbank Governor Hjalmar Schacht met secretly in Badenweiler in the Black Forest and again in October 1934 to guarantee loans to National Socialist Germany.
JH Stein Bank and Schroder Bank
The JH Stein Bank of Cologne and the London and New York branches of Schroder Bank were correspondent banks often involved in transactions throughout the Hitler regime.
Baron Kurt von Schroder was a member of the most influential men's club in Germany, such as the Thule Society, which had helped Hitler's career with its start in 1919.
Thule society Sweden
He was also the head of all ITT's German subsidiaries, as SS Senior Group Leader, sat on the board of Deutsche Reichsbank and in many other high-ranking positions.
The same ITT paid out monthly reparations to Heinrich Himmler's Gestapo and the SS, but who actually footed the bill can be read in the book "Appeasement Before, During and After the war" by Paul Einzig on page 78.
Towards the end of 1936, a new company in London under the name of 'Compensation Brokers Ltd.' which was controlled by the banking house of J. Henry Schroder & Co. and Hambro's Bank Ltd. with the stated purpose of assisting in barter transactions between Germany and various parts of the English Empire." Chairman of J .Henry Schroder & Co at the time was Allen Dulles!
Wallenbergs British bank of northern commerce and Hambro's Bank Ltd.
The British lawyer from Slaughter & May and Marcus Wallenberg's underling and business partner Charlie Hambros - through the merger of Enskilda bank's "British bank of northern commerce" with Hambros bank in 1921 - approached Henry Sporborg, who was in charge of Swedish- British trade relations during WW2 are considered to be the architect behind the stay behind army known as Operation Gladio, which in turn was coordinated from Sweden.
Gladio short
A side note is that Ian Flemming's character James Bond was loosely based on a certain William Stephensson who not only borrowed money from Hambro Bank under Charlie Hambro's supervision to buy up England's largest cement producer - luckily when... -, but also came on the brilliant idea of industrial espionage after a visit to Nazi Germany just before the war.
He named the front company IMT - International mining trust - and was moved to Stockholm as if by a not too pronounced coincidence.
William Stephenson was later sent to the United States as Winston Churchill's extended arm, where his most informal mission was to make American public opinion more favorable to joining the most predicted war on the side of the Allies, and as a secondary goal to see that the United States created an intelligence service.
To help him with this, he enlisted an old acquaintance since WW1 William Donovan who was an old classmate of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and at most the same one who laid the foundation for what would later become the predecessor of the CIA, i.e. the OSS.
He, in turn, recruited as early as 1940 under the pretense that the United States would soon be drawn into the war - this being 2 years before Roosevelt officially approved the OSS - a certain Allen Dulles from the law firm Sullivan & Cromwell, who since the 20th century had helped to create the corporate cartels that are still in control of the world today, and yes they also represented Wallenberg's (SEB) ENSKILDA bank.
Already in 1940, Donovan knew that the United States would join the war, even though the reason for their entry would first take place in 1941 at Pearl Harbour.
A highly planned "false flag" at the behest of a certain William Forbes Sempill, Winston Churchill, FDR. Sempill was awarded the Swedish Order of the North Star in 1956! William Stephenson soon afterwards became Allen's mentor.
Pearl Harbour
The fact that Charlie Hambro later ended up as head of the British intelligence department SOE until 1943 and then ended up overseeing the "Manhattan project" on behalf of England says a lot about where the operational strategic planning came from and what interests were operating in the shadows without to be seen.
Hitler's supporters
As we know, Adolf Hitler assumed the chancellorship of Germany in 1933, and was then quite soon an absolute and full-fledged dictator, i.e. financed and promoted by other financial interests than those that are obvious and reported to the people.
But it is also less known that Montague Normand Ring (Collet), the head of the Bank of England, was the one who created Hitler's credits, with the help of his protégé Hjalmar Schacht, who at the time actually held the position of finance minister in Germany, and who thereby practically arranging the armament of Nazi Germany, and in this also coordinating the strategies of Hitler's supporters the Rockefellers, Warburgs, Ford, Wallenbergs and Harrimans.
Ford and Wallenberg
At the same time as this, other further processes also begin, all of which aim at the same financial gain process as described above, and which through unlikely circumstances in history, which actually probably look more like thoughts in retrospect, because despite almost supernatural, it is also the same player in all sets of the charade.
Harriman, Prescott Bush, Montague Ring Normand
In 1931, so was the virtual dictator of the financial world, the Bank of England
The manager, Montague Ring Normand who was in post between 1920 and 1944, who by the way was not a coincidence, was a former partner of Brown Brothers, whose grandfather had also been the manager of Brown Brothers during the American Civil War, where the Bus(h) family was part of "the original merchants of death".
Montague Norman Ring attracted the interest of the outside world both in secret and to such an extent that authors such as Tolkien famously wrote entire trilogies by analogy about the creation of this monetary system and its expected consequences for humanity.
"There should only be one source of money; one fountainhead from which flows the nation's blood to vitalize commerce and industry, ensure economic equity and justice and safeguard the welfare of the people. . . . In other words, it has always been and still is our contention that the prerogative of creating and issuing the money of the nation should be restored to the state.”
(JRR. Tolkien, writing in "Candour" magazine, August 3/10, 1956, page 48)
In 1931, when Prescott Bush headed the New York office, for Brown Brothers.
Harriman, Prescott had a partner who was this Montague Norman's intimate friend in the bay, his name was Thatcher Brown
The great financial collapse of 1929-31 driven by the
IG Farben interests shook America, Germany, and Great Britain, it meant a weakening of everything, even of authorities.
It also made a Mr. Prescott Bush more willing to do whatever was necessary to maintain his new place in this world.
It was already absolutely certain at this crisis that the Anglo-Americans, the later petrodollar hegemonists, had decided on the installation, of this Herr Hitler, and his governance in Germany, this through the introduction of their new banking system's newfound influence.
W. Harriman & Co., had a well-established reputation for operating in this type of business, and also rich in assets from their German and Russian business operations, and merged with the British-American investment house, Brown Brothers, in January 1931.
A major contributor to Hitler in Europe with 34 million dollars, later between 1933 and 1936, was Badische Soda und Anillin AG. (an IGF company which is now called BASF), with Marcus Wallenberg among the major registered shareholders, where the ownership is easily controlled but contradictions seem to prevail in the executive directorship, which is not directly emphasized against the background of history. Where the documents in accordance with SOU 1999:20 were not available in this.
On the other hand, in the Bosch investigation, the ownership of the then Badische Soda und Anillin AG from 1921 appears funny enough. Note 52 above is also of great and central importance from several perspectives.
JF Dulles was thus at most the same one who came to act as an agent for the Wallenberg family after the end of the war, when American authorities implemented the freezing of assets, in accordance with the law on enemy coordination.
Briand and Kreuger
At the same time in France, the international peace movement had a foreground figure in Aristide Briand, who in books printed until his death, is described as one of the most prominent men of French socialism. Briand discovered, however, that things look different from the benches of power's responsibility than from the benches of the opposition. Realpolitik's melody had already been tuned in the political orchestra pits
One of Briand's great pathos was the question of war reparations for Germany, where he participated, albeit counterproductively, in the same committee as Dulles, Schacht, Wallenberg, Young, Dawes, Harriman and there alone constituted opposition to the Swedish Wallenberg family and the others.
Briand also received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.
The prize was shared with Gustav Stresemann, who is highlighted in the history books as a supporter of the war industrial complex?
(Schacht, Wallenberg, Young, Dawes, Harriman, Frick, Bosch, Krupp)
Briand had now so timely for the war industry actually passed away, for reasons that are not easily apparent, and on the day of the funeral on the Saturday 12/3 1932 it would now be no better than that Ivar Krüger, the great lender to states, suitable enough for the war industry and the banks allegedly committed suicide by accident, and this, moreover, in the mess that Paris is at this time, the murder investigation is more intellectually dead even before it begins, than that Nero never burned Rome in order to blame the Christians
The Kreuger affair
The looting of Kreuger's empire was aimed at satisfying the needs and the opportunities for profits, which, for example, the German rearmament entailed.
The major beneficiaries of this were the Wallenberg family, the Swedish state and the Movement together with the Bank-controlled international military-industrial complex..
Or as Hjalmar Schacht expressed himself in a letter to Hitler in November 1932.
"It seems as if our attempt to collect a number of signatures from business circles for this purpose
(your becoming Chancellor) was not altogether in vain"
Regardless of this somewhat tragicomic statement in retrospect, there were actually elections in Germany on the 13th of March 1932, i.e. the day after, and it didn't turn out any better than that exactly as many votes as needed to disappear, actually disappeared ( 200,000 pieces approx), which meant that the entire German election procedure had to be redone.
In connection with this, perhaps the reader with a good memory should be reminded that Herr Hitler was not a German citizen at the beginning of this month of March in 1932, he was, as everyone knows, an Austrian and therefore not even possible to be elected as a German politician executives.
However, this was not something that had been forgotten, even though in previous attempts on the part of Minister of the Interior Frick, they had actually already failed once to make Herr Hitler a German citizen.
This previous attempt was accomplished by attempting to appoint Herr Hitler as a police officer in Thuringia, which as a public office would automatically result in automatic citizenship for this Austrian corporal from Moravian Bohemia.
This attempt in 1925 failed, however, as is well known, because even in times like these one could not become a policeman after being convicted and punished for a coup d'état, but within the time from January 1932 to what is thus left until the election on the 13th March 1932, so then Wilhelm Frick succeeds with his thus completely unconstitutional enterprise in making Herr Hitler an eligible German citizen.
This maneuver, not quite successful for world peace, was done by succeeding in appointing this Herr Hitler as a member of the Federal Governing Body of the Sub-Republic of Brunswick during these basically two remaining months and thereby achieving the sought-after effect of citizenship. In parallel with this, the following occurred.
Ivar Kreuger who was in Paris to get a surety bond signed by those who later became the commission to academically investigate his blissful financial demise, oddly enough, and who had been forced to do so by an American bank, the National City Bank, founded by William Rockefeller and with a manager at the time named C. Mitchell who thus refused to pay the amount to the German loan.
The Swedish representation completed its mission and signed the guarantee for Kreuger & Toll and when everything is ready, and banks other than National City Bank can instead step in to assist with the payment, then the same evening Ivar Kreuger allegedly committed suicide the 12th of march 1932?
American IG and Swedish IG
On May 25, 1933, the New York Times published a large article about the Senate hearings concerning improprieties and JP Morgan. It lists a few hundred names that have been found to be involved in financial crime. There were, among others, Charles Dawes in the (Dawes plan), the Harriman bank, General Pershing and Owen Young in the (Young plan) and unfortunately also a Mr. Charles Lindbergh.
A director of the National City Bank, named C. Mitchell, was also found among them.
This Mitchell is precisely the same person who was approached by his company colleague in American IG and its Bosch part, i.e. district chief Marcus Wallenberg, who was sent on behalf of the government to make a request for a currency credit of 75 million dollars on behalf of Kreuger & Toll before the abolition of the gold standard.
This is clear from the Bosch investigation note 52, which also describes the well-buried Swedish IG Farben, whose presence has been swept so far under the carpet that the dirt comes out on the other side.
Incidentally, one can say without hesitation that this was not exactly Mr. Mitchell's only board assignment.
The Directors of American IG at 1930:
American I,G.
Carl BOSCH German FORD MOTOR CO. AG
Edsel B. FORD US FORD MOTOR CO. DETROIT
Max ILGNER German Directed IG FARBEN NW7 (INTELLIGENCE) office.
Guilty at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
F. Ter MEER German
Guilty at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
HA METZ US Director of IG Farben Germany and BANK OF MANHATTAN (US)
CE MITCHELL US Director of FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NY and NATIONAL CITY BANK
Herman SCHMITZ German On boards of IG Farben (President ) (Germany) Deutsche Bank (Germany) and BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS.
Guilty at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
Walter TEAGLE US Director FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK and STANDARD OIL OF NEW JERSEY
WH yon RATH Naturalized Director of GERMAN GENERAL US ELECTRIC (AEG)
Paul M. WARBURG US First member of the FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK and BANK OF MANHATTAN
WE WEISS US Sterling Products
Source: Moody's Manual of Investments; 1930, p. 2149.
Note:
Walter DUISBERG (US), W. GRIEF (US), and
Adolf KUTTROFF (US) were also Directors of American IG Farben at this period.
Swedish maneuvers
Sweden would provide a five-year government credit of SEK 100 million to the Soviet Union to enable Soviet orders for Swedish industry in 1933, it was not a peace industry.
However, during the parliamentary proceedings in the spring of 1934, the agreement had met with strong criticism, i.a. from former Prime Minister Felix Hamrin ("one country receives government loans, the other country's goods are blocked").
Hamrin was perhaps a morally not completely fallen figure, but not a major realpolitik strategic businessman.
The purpose of this, however, was something completely different, i.e. completely in accordance with the already common tradition for Swedish politicians.
Through the restrictions imposed on exports to Germany through the export relationship to other countries, by the allies, one could, with this loan offer and its size in relation to exports to Russia, claim significantly increased export levels for Germany.
Wallenbergs
From the Nuremberg Trials:
"For the period of transition from 1919 up to rearmament, AK [Krupp] had undertaken various tasks, in order to keep up the Company's activity in the field of artillery, in the sense of observing activities in that field in the rest of the world (relation: BOFORS) and then also for the production of artillery material, within and to a certain extent also beyond, the limitation established by the peace dictate"
The fact that Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg was then a delegate in the trade delegation for the trade agreement, Sweden England 1916-18, was perhaps not quite so important in this context.
What, on the other hand, was very important and significant, was that he was actually chairman of the committee for the burden of German industry, this then gave an opportunity to influence the collection of damages from the outside world.
This committee was made up of the same participants that basically all the committees were made up of, committees that had some financial influence and value on matters concerning this subject.
(Schacht, Wallenberg, Young, Dawes, Harriman, Frick, Bosch, Krupp)
Hardly a coincidence either, he was also at and after Versailles, chairman of the Committee for arranging Germany's natural deliveries (import, of ore from Sweden for example, and export of coal and coke which made up the payment), according to the Dawes Plan 1924-25, the that is, which determined which circumstances would exist in the case of in-kind deliveries in both the purchase and sale stages.
So based on the fact that if the price of ore increased, then the possible margin of compensation that could be extracted became smaller for the injured party, so unless sooner or later it would be discovered that the ore trading relationship with Sweden and its incomprehensible regulations, really only constituted a facade for the concealment of a theft of the war injured party money, the situation must absolutely be revised and changed. This was understood by both Wallenberg and the social democrat establishment in Sweden.
That Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg in this situation was also an arbitrator in disputes between the German government and the repair committee, which was responsible for the Allies' establishment of a functional infrastructure in 1925-30, must have been a pure gift from above, or probably could not have been precisely this at all.
Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg was also the member responsible for the interpretation of the Young plan from 1930. Which was a financing model in which Swedish Ivar Kreuger was involved as financier. And there, as described, also sat this Owen Young, whose Young plan was preceded by the Dawes plan, but with the same purpose, therefore.
And in 1931-34, this Marcus Laurentius was the chairman of the arbitration court that dealt with short German credits during the establishment of the German Moratorium, or accord in modern terms, which was established in 1932 in Lausanne.
Where a decisive effort was therefore to ensure that the German debts to France were repaid first.
This meant that there was room for France to lend the money to Sweden, which in principle simply sent Marcus Wallenberg d.ä. as negotiator to his own son, who willingly lent the money he himself had seen to France. Business ethics thus at a level that has never been used again before or since.
Furthermore, the possibility of using the German parts of the Kreuger and Young loans to act as balance items for accounting purposes was also used, this in addition to what is described below.
Furthermore, Marcus Laurentius was also acting expert for, strangely enough, the German government and the described Hjalmar Schacht when the 1931-32 reconstruction of the German banking system was undertaken.
So who wanted what with Ivar Kreuger and why, it turns out like an old fence what happened was the banking conglomerate's only real possible choice.
The purpose of the credit was thus to enable the Kreuger Group to meet the stresses that the release from the gold standard was expected to bring.
The petition was rejected with some naturalness, one might say.
American IG and IG Farben
Another and some additional relations in this describe in below;
The remaining four members of American IG's board were real prominent American citizens and members of Wall Street's financial elite.
Mr. CE Mitchell, member of the National City Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York;
Edsel B. Ford, president of Ford Motor Company;
WC Teagle, CEO Standard Oil of New Jersey;
Paul Warburg creator of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and further board member of the Bank of Manhattan Company.
-"IG Farben was Hitler and Hitler was IG Farben, although he himself may not have fully realized this from the start."
(Senator Homer T. Bones to the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, June 4, 1943.)
In the twilight of the war just before WW2 ended, the German chemical complex IG Farben was not only the largest chemical manufacturing company in the world, it was the largest company throughout the world, this with extraordinary political and economic power and influence within the Hitlerian Nazi state.
IG Farben has been described as almost a state within a state, that issue is multifaceted.
The formation of the Farben cartel dates back to 1925, this is when its political act began its more carefully planned organic political growth, which was organized by Hermann Schmitz (with Wall Street's financial assistance, after all, as Fed chairman Ben Bernanke's representative) who created a super giant out of the chemical business out of six already giant German chemical companies — Badische Anilin, Bayer, Agfa, Hoechst, Weiler-ter-Meer, and Griesheim-Elektron.
These companies were merged into the future Inter-nationale Gesellschaft Farbenindustrie IG or IG Farben for short.
Twenty years later, the same Hermann Schmitz stood accused at a trial in Nuremberg for both inciting world war and a number of different crimes, not least war crimes involving the IG Farben cartel.
To act but not be seen, esse non videri, the truth was buried in the archives, and these then disappeared after a while, best in class on the subject of disappearing archives, was Norsk Hydro, which nearly succeeded in destroying all documentation.
Swedish IG Farben with Herbert Lickfett, was not exactly much worse in terms of success in this performance category.
(The reader is invited to google Herbert Lickfett to experience the results.)
It is these American connections within Wall Street that concern us in this even today.
Warburgs the FED and IG Farben
Without the capital assistance and complicity of Wall Street, there would not have been an IG Farben at all. And no Adolf Hitler or WW2 either.
German bankers within the Farben Aufsichsrat (Board of Companies) in the late 1920s included the Hamburg banker Max Warburg, whose brother Paul Warburg was thus the founder of the Federal Reserve System in the United States.
Not only through the happy circumstances of chance, Paul Warburg was also a board member of American IG, Farben's wholly owned American subsidiary.
In addition to Max Warburg and Hermann Schmitz's guidance and warm hands, the creation of the Farben empire also included Carl Bosch, Fritz ter Meer, Kurt Oppenheim and George von Schnitzler, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman Ring
All of these except the bankers Max Warburg, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman were prosecuted as war criminals after the Second World War, but people on the winning side were so rarely prosecuted, even at that time and not even bankers.
Cred to
@MarcusLjunggre4
@defria_se
"This article aims at explaining the Nazis IG Farben, the industrial engine behind the WW2, the prerequisite is that wallenberg is reforming the german banking system prior to the genocide and WW2" /Bombadil
Dulles brothers and Hitler
(Yes that is the US secretary of state and CIA boss that JFK sacked)
On January 4, 1933, Hitler met with the Dulles brothers at Baron Kurt von Schroder's home in Cologne to guarantee Hitler the funds needed to install him as Chancellor of Germany.
Warburg bank Kuhn, Loeb Co
The Dulles brothers were there as legal representatives of the Warburg bank Kuhn, Loeb Co., which had extended large short-term credits to Germany and therefore needed guarantees for repayment.
On 11 June 1934, Bank of England Chairman Montague Norman and German Riksbank Governor Hjalmar Schacht met secretly in Badenweiler in the Black Forest and again in October 1934 to guarantee loans to National Socialist Germany.
JH Stein Bank and Schroder Bank
The JH Stein Bank of Cologne and the London and New York branches of Schroder Bank were correspondent banks often involved in transactions throughout the Hitler regime.
Baron Kurt von Schroder was a member of the most influential men's club in Germany, such as the Thule Society, which had helped Hitler's career with its start in 1919.
Thule society Sweden
He was also the head of all ITT's German subsidiaries, as SS Senior Group Leader, sat on the board of Deutsche Reichsbank and in many other high-ranking positions.
The same ITT paid out monthly reparations to Heinrich Himmler's Gestapo and the SS, but who actually footed the bill can be read in the book "Appeasement Before, During and After the war" by Paul Einzig on page 78.
Towards the end of 1936, a new company in London under the name of 'Compensation Brokers Ltd.' which was controlled by the banking house of J. Henry Schroder & Co. and Hambro's Bank Ltd. with the stated purpose of assisting in barter transactions between Germany and various parts of the English Empire." Chairman of J .Henry Schroder & Co at the time was Allen Dulles!
Wallenbergs British bank of northern commerce and Hambro's Bank Ltd.
The British lawyer from Slaughter & May and Marcus Wallenberg's underling and business partner Charlie Hambros - through the merger of Enskilda bank's "British bank of northern commerce" with Hambros bank in 1921 - approached Henry Sporborg, who was in charge of Swedish- British trade relations during WW2 are considered to be the architect behind the stay behind army known as Operation Gladio, which in turn was coordinated from Sweden.
Gladio short
A side note is that Ian Flemming's character James Bond was loosely based on a certain William Stephensson who not only borrowed money from Hambro Bank under Charlie Hambro's supervision to buy up England's largest cement producer - luckily when... -, but also came on the brilliant idea of industrial espionage after a visit to Nazi Germany just before the war.
He named the front company IMT - International mining trust - and was moved to Stockholm as if by a not too pronounced coincidence.
William Stephenson was later sent to the United States as Winston Churchill's extended arm, where his most informal mission was to make American public opinion more favorable to joining the most predicted war on the side of the Allies, and as a secondary goal to see that the United States created an intelligence service.
To help him with this, he enlisted an old acquaintance since WW1 William Donovan who was an old classmate of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and at most the same one who laid the foundation for what would later become the predecessor of the CIA, i.e. the OSS.
He, in turn, recruited as early as 1940 under the pretense that the United States would soon be drawn into the war - this being 2 years before Roosevelt officially approved the OSS - a certain Allen Dulles from the law firm Sullivan & Cromwell, who since the 20th century had helped to create the corporate cartels that are still in control of the world today, and yes they also represented Wallenberg's (SEB) ENSKILDA bank.
Already in 1940, Donovan knew that the United States would join the war, even though the reason for their entry would first take place in 1941 at Pearl Harbour.
A highly planned "false flag" at the behest of a certain William Forbes Sempill, Winston Churchill, FDR. Sempill was awarded the Swedish Order of the North Star in 1956! William Stephenson soon afterwards became Allen's mentor.
Pearl Harbour
The fact that Charlie Hambro later ended up as head of the British intelligence department SOE until 1943 and then ended up overseeing the "Manhattan project" on behalf of England says a lot about where the operational strategic planning came from and what interests were operating in the shadows without to be seen.
Hitler's supporters
As we know, Adolf Hitler assumed the chancellorship of Germany in 1933, and was then quite soon an absolute and full-fledged dictator, i.e. financed and promoted by other financial interests than those that are obvious and reported to the people.
But it is also less known that Montague Normand Ring (Collet), the head of the Bank of England, was the one who created Hitler's credits, with the help of his protégé Hjalmar Schacht, who at the time actually held the position of finance minister in Germany, and who thereby practically arranging the armament of Nazi Germany, and in this also coordinating the strategies of Hitler's supporters the Rockefellers, Warburgs, Ford, Wallenbergs and Harrimans.
Ford and Wallenberg
At the same time as this, other further processes also begin, all of which aim at the same financial gain process as described above, and which through unlikely circumstances in history, which actually probably look more like thoughts in retrospect, because despite almost supernatural, it is also the same player in all sets of the charade.
Harriman, Prescott Bush, Montague Ring Normand
In 1931, so was the virtual dictator of the financial world, the Bank of England
The manager, Montague Ring Normand who was in post between 1920 and 1944, who by the way was not a coincidence, was a former partner of Brown Brothers, whose grandfather had also been the manager of Brown Brothers during the American Civil War, where the Bus(h) family was part of "the original merchants of death".
Montague Norman Ring attracted the interest of the outside world both in secret and to such an extent that authors such as Tolkien famously wrote entire trilogies by analogy about the creation of this monetary system and its expected consequences for humanity.
"There should only be one source of money; one fountainhead from which flows the nation's blood to vitalize commerce and industry, ensure economic equity and justice and safeguard the welfare of the people. . . . In other words, it has always been and still is our contention that the prerogative of creating and issuing the money of the nation should be restored to the state.”
(JRR. Tolkien, writing in "Candour" magazine, August 3/10, 1956, page 48)
In 1931, when Prescott Bush headed the New York office, for Brown Brothers.
Harriman, Prescott had a partner who was this Montague Norman's intimate friend in the bay, his name was Thatcher Brown
The great financial collapse of 1929-31 driven by the
IG Farben interests shook America, Germany, and Great Britain, it meant a weakening of everything, even of authorities.
It also made a Mr. Prescott Bush more willing to do whatever was necessary to maintain his new place in this world.
It was already absolutely certain at this crisis that the Anglo-Americans, the later petrodollar hegemonists, had decided on the installation, of this Herr Hitler, and his governance in Germany, this through the introduction of their new banking system's newfound influence.
W. Harriman & Co., had a well-established reputation for operating in this type of business, and also rich in assets from their German and Russian business operations, and merged with the British-American investment house, Brown Brothers, in January 1931.
A major contributor to Hitler in Europe with 34 million dollars, later between 1933 and 1936, was Badische Soda und Anillin AG. (an IGF company which is now called BASF), with Marcus Wallenberg among the major registered shareholders, where the ownership is easily controlled but contradictions seem to prevail in the executive directorship, which is not directly emphasized against the background of history. Where the documents in accordance with SOU 1999:20 were not available in this.
On the other hand, in the Bosch investigation, the ownership of the then Badische Soda und Anillin AG from 1921 appears funny enough. Note 52 above is also of great and central importance from several perspectives.
JF Dulles was thus at most the same one who came to act as an agent for the Wallenberg family after the end of the war, when American authorities implemented the freezing of assets, in accordance with the law on enemy coordination.
Briand and Kreuger
At the same time in France, the international peace movement had a foreground figure in Aristide Briand, who in books printed until his death, is described as one of the most prominent men of French socialism. Briand discovered, however, that things look different from the benches of power's responsibility than from the benches of the opposition. Realpolitik's melody had already been tuned in the political orchestra pits
One of Briand's great pathos was the question of war reparations for Germany, where he participated, albeit counterproductively, in the same committee as Dulles, Schacht, Wallenberg, Young, Dawes, Harriman and there alone constituted opposition to the Swedish Wallenberg family and the others.
Briand also received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.
The prize was shared with Gustav Stresemann, who is highlighted in the history books as a supporter of the war industrial complex?
(Schacht, Wallenberg, Young, Dawes, Harriman, Frick, Bosch, Krupp)
Briand had now so timely for the war industry actually passed away, for reasons that are not easily apparent, and on the day of the funeral on the Saturday 12/3 1932 it would now be no better than that Ivar Krüger, the great lender to states, suitable enough for the war industry and the banks allegedly committed suicide by accident, and this, moreover, in the mess that Paris is at this time, the murder investigation is more intellectually dead even before it begins, than that Nero never burned Rome in order to blame the Christians
The Kreuger affair
The looting of Kreuger's empire was aimed at satisfying the needs and the opportunities for profits, which, for example, the German rearmament entailed.
The major beneficiaries of this were the Wallenberg family, the Swedish state and the Movement together with the Bank-controlled international military-industrial complex..
Or as Hjalmar Schacht expressed himself in a letter to Hitler in November 1932.
"It seems as if our attempt to collect a number of signatures from business circles for this purpose
(your becoming Chancellor) was not altogether in vain"
Regardless of this somewhat tragicomic statement in retrospect, there were actually elections in Germany on the 13th of March 1932, i.e. the day after, and it didn't turn out any better than that exactly as many votes as needed to disappear, actually disappeared ( 200,000 pieces approx), which meant that the entire German election procedure had to be redone.
In connection with this, perhaps the reader with a good memory should be reminded that Herr Hitler was not a German citizen at the beginning of this month of March in 1932, he was, as everyone knows, an Austrian and therefore not even possible to be elected as a German politician executives.
However, this was not something that had been forgotten, even though in previous attempts on the part of Minister of the Interior Frick, they had actually already failed once to make Herr Hitler a German citizen.
This previous attempt was accomplished by attempting to appoint Herr Hitler as a police officer in Thuringia, which as a public office would automatically result in automatic citizenship for this Austrian corporal from Moravian Bohemia.
This attempt in 1925 failed, however, as is well known, because even in times like these one could not become a policeman after being convicted and punished for a coup d'état, but within the time from January 1932 to what is thus left until the election on the 13th March 1932, so then Wilhelm Frick succeeds with his thus completely unconstitutional enterprise in making Herr Hitler an eligible German citizen.
This maneuver, not quite successful for world peace, was done by succeeding in appointing this Herr Hitler as a member of the Federal Governing Body of the Sub-Republic of Brunswick during these basically two remaining months and thereby achieving the sought-after effect of citizenship. In parallel with this, the following occurred.
Ivar Kreuger who was in Paris to get a surety bond signed by those who later became the commission to academically investigate his blissful financial demise, oddly enough, and who had been forced to do so by an American bank, the National City Bank, founded by William Rockefeller and with a manager at the time named C. Mitchell who thus refused to pay the amount to the German loan.
The Swedish representation completed its mission and signed the guarantee for Kreuger & Toll and when everything is ready, and banks other than National City Bank can instead step in to assist with the payment, then the same evening Ivar Kreuger allegedly committed suicide the 12th of march 1932?
American IG and Swedish IG
On May 25, 1933, the New York Times published a large article about the Senate hearings concerning improprieties and JP Morgan. It lists a few hundred names that have been found to be involved in financial crime. There were, among others, Charles Dawes in the (Dawes plan), the Harriman bank, General Pershing and Owen Young in the (Young plan) and unfortunately also a Mr. Charles Lindbergh.
A director of the National City Bank, named C. Mitchell, was also found among them.
This Mitchell is precisely the same person who was approached by his company colleague in American IG and its Bosch part, i.e. district chief Marcus Wallenberg, who was sent on behalf of the government to make a request for a currency credit of 75 million dollars on behalf of Kreuger & Toll before the abolition of the gold standard.
This is clear from the Bosch investigation note 52, which also describes the well-buried Swedish IG Farben, whose presence has been swept so far under the carpet that the dirt comes out on the other side.
Incidentally, one can say without hesitation that this was not exactly Mr. Mitchell's only board assignment.
The Directors of American IG at 1930:
American I,G.
Carl BOSCH German FORD MOTOR CO. AG
Edsel B. FORD US FORD MOTOR CO. DETROIT
Max ILGNER German Directed IG FARBEN NW7 (INTELLIGENCE) office.
Guilty at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
F. Ter MEER German
Guilty at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
HA METZ US Director of IG Farben Germany and BANK OF MANHATTAN (US)
CE MITCHELL US Director of FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NY and NATIONAL CITY BANK
Herman SCHMITZ German On boards of IG Farben (President ) (Germany) Deutsche Bank (Germany) and BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS.
Guilty at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
Walter TEAGLE US Director FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK and STANDARD OIL OF NEW JERSEY
WH yon RATH Naturalized Director of GERMAN GENERAL US ELECTRIC (AEG)
Paul M. WARBURG US First member of the FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK and BANK OF MANHATTAN
WE WEISS US Sterling Products
Source: Moody's Manual of Investments; 1930, p. 2149.
Note:
Walter DUISBERG (US), W. GRIEF (US), and
Adolf KUTTROFF (US) were also Directors of American IG Farben at this period.
Swedish maneuvers
Sweden would provide a five-year government credit of SEK 100 million to the Soviet Union to enable Soviet orders for Swedish industry in 1933, it was not a peace industry.
However, during the parliamentary proceedings in the spring of 1934, the agreement had met with strong criticism, i.a. from former Prime Minister Felix Hamrin ("one country receives government loans, the other country's goods are blocked").
Hamrin was perhaps a morally not completely fallen figure, but not a major realpolitik strategic businessman.
The purpose of this, however, was something completely different, i.e. completely in accordance with the already common tradition for Swedish politicians.
Through the restrictions imposed on exports to Germany through the export relationship to other countries, by the allies, one could, with this loan offer and its size in relation to exports to Russia, claim significantly increased export levels for Germany.
Wallenbergs
From the Nuremberg Trials:
"For the period of transition from 1919 up to rearmament, AK [Krupp] had undertaken various tasks, in order to keep up the Company's activity in the field of artillery, in the sense of observing activities in that field in the rest of the world (relation: BOFORS) and then also for the production of artillery material, within and to a certain extent also beyond, the limitation established by the peace dictate"
The fact that Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg was then a delegate in the trade delegation for the trade agreement, Sweden England 1916-18, was perhaps not quite so important in this context.
What, on the other hand, was very important and significant, was that he was actually chairman of the committee for the burden of German industry, this then gave an opportunity to influence the collection of damages from the outside world.
This committee was made up of the same participants that basically all the committees were made up of, committees that had some financial influence and value on matters concerning this subject.
(Schacht, Wallenberg, Young, Dawes, Harriman, Frick, Bosch, Krupp)
Hardly a coincidence either, he was also at and after Versailles, chairman of the Committee for arranging Germany's natural deliveries (import, of ore from Sweden for example, and export of coal and coke which made up the payment), according to the Dawes Plan 1924-25, the that is, which determined which circumstances would exist in the case of in-kind deliveries in both the purchase and sale stages.
So based on the fact that if the price of ore increased, then the possible margin of compensation that could be extracted became smaller for the injured party, so unless sooner or later it would be discovered that the ore trading relationship with Sweden and its incomprehensible regulations, really only constituted a facade for the concealment of a theft of the war injured party money, the situation must absolutely be revised and changed. This was understood by both Wallenberg and the social democrat establishment in Sweden.
That Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg in this situation was also an arbitrator in disputes between the German government and the repair committee, which was responsible for the Allies' establishment of a functional infrastructure in 1925-30, must have been a pure gift from above, or probably could not have been precisely this at all.
Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg was also the member responsible for the interpretation of the Young plan from 1930. Which was a financing model in which Swedish Ivar Kreuger was involved as financier. And there, as described, also sat this Owen Young, whose Young plan was preceded by the Dawes plan, but with the same purpose, therefore.
And in 1931-34, this Marcus Laurentius was the chairman of the arbitration court that dealt with short German credits during the establishment of the German Moratorium, or accord in modern terms, which was established in 1932 in Lausanne.
Where a decisive effort was therefore to ensure that the German debts to France were repaid first.
This meant that there was room for France to lend the money to Sweden, which in principle simply sent Marcus Wallenberg d.ä. as negotiator to his own son, who willingly lent the money he himself had seen to France. Business ethics thus at a level that has never been used again before or since.
Furthermore, the possibility of using the German parts of the Kreuger and Young loans to act as balance items for accounting purposes was also used, this in addition to what is described below.
Furthermore, Marcus Laurentius was also acting expert for, strangely enough, the German government and the described Hjalmar Schacht when the 1931-32 reconstruction of the German banking system was undertaken.
So who wanted what with Ivar Kreuger and why, it turns out like an old fence what happened was the banking conglomerate's only real possible choice.
The purpose of the credit was thus to enable the Kreuger Group to meet the stresses that the release from the gold standard was expected to bring.
The petition was rejected with some naturalness, one might say.
American IG and IG Farben
Another and some additional relations in this describe in below;
The remaining four members of American IG's board were real prominent American citizens and members of Wall Street's financial elite.
Mr. CE Mitchell, member of the National City Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York;
Edsel B. Ford, president of Ford Motor Company;
WC Teagle, CEO Standard Oil of New Jersey;
Paul Warburg creator of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and further board member of the Bank of Manhattan Company.
-"IG Farben was Hitler and Hitler was IG Farben, although he himself may not have fully realized this from the start."
(Senator Homer T. Bones to the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, June 4, 1943.)
In the twilight of the war just before WW2 ended, the German chemical complex IG Farben was not only the largest chemical manufacturing company in the world, it was the largest company throughout the world, this with extraordinary political and economic power and influence within the Hitlerian Nazi state.
IG Farben has been described as almost a state within a state, that issue is multifaceted.
The formation of the Farben cartel dates back to 1925, this is when its political act began its more carefully planned organic political growth, which was organized by Hermann Schmitz (with Wall Street's financial assistance, after all, as Fed chairman Ben Bernanke's representative) who created a super giant out of the chemical business out of six already giant German chemical companies — Badische Anilin, Bayer, Agfa, Hoechst, Weiler-ter-Meer, and Griesheim-Elektron.
These companies were merged into the future Inter-nationale Gesellschaft Farbenindustrie IG or IG Farben for short.
Twenty years later, the same Hermann Schmitz stood accused at a trial in Nuremberg for both inciting world war and a number of different crimes, not least war crimes involving the IG Farben cartel.
To act but not be seen, esse non videri, the truth was buried in the archives, and these then disappeared after a while, best in class on the subject of disappearing archives, was Norsk Hydro, which nearly succeeded in destroying all documentation.
Swedish IG Farben with Herbert Lickfett, was not exactly much worse in terms of success in this performance category.
(The reader is invited to google Herbert Lickfett to experience the results.)
It is these American connections within Wall Street that concern us in this even today.
Warburgs the FED and IG Farben
Without the capital assistance and complicity of Wall Street, there would not have been an IG Farben at all. And no Adolf Hitler or WW2 either.
German bankers within the Farben Aufsichsrat (Board of Companies) in the late 1920s included the Hamburg banker Max Warburg, whose brother Paul Warburg was thus the founder of the Federal Reserve System in the United States.
Not only through the happy circumstances of chance, Paul Warburg was also a board member of American IG, Farben's wholly owned American subsidiary.
In addition to Max Warburg and Hermann Schmitz's guidance and warm hands, the creation of the Farben empire also included Carl Bosch, Fritz ter Meer, Kurt Oppenheim and George von Schnitzler, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman Ring
All of these except the bankers Max Warburg, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman were prosecuted as war criminals after the Second World War, but people on the winning side were so rarely prosecuted, even at that time and not even bankers.
Cred to
@MarcusLjunggre4
@defria_se
1/2
The financial set up for the 3d reich project and the hijacking of the BIS including Italy and the Swedish archives.
"This article aims at explaining the Nazis IG Farben, the industrial engine behind the WW2, the prerequisite is that wallenberg is reforming the german banking system prior to the genocide and WW2" /Bombadil
Swedish-Italian bank Banca Commerciale Italiana
Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Marcus Wallenberg Sr. worked together in the early 20th century on various business projects.
Together they founded the Swedish-Italian bank Banca Commerciale Italiana in 1912, which played an important role in financing Italian industrial development.
Both Volpi di Misurata and Wallenberg Sr. sat on the bank's board of directors.
Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata had an important relationship with Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator and leader of the Fascist Party. Volpi di Misurata was a prominent figure in Italian politics and business in the early 20th century and had close ties to Mussolini and his regime.
Volpi di Misurata supported the Fascist movement and played a crucial role in Mussolini's rise to power. He served as finance minister in Mussolini's government from 1922 to 1925 and played a crucial role in implementing economic policies to support the regime's goals.
As Finance Minister, Volpi di Misurata worked closely with Mussolini to shape Italy's economic policies, including efforts to modernize the country and strengthen its industries.
He played a key role in industrializing Italy and promoting state intervention in the economy, in line with fascist economic principles.
Volpi di Misurata was also involved in several high-profile projects during the Fascist regime, such as the reclamation and development of the Pontine Marshes in Italy and the establishment of the Italian colonial empire in Africa. In summary, Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata had a close relationship with Benito Mussolini and held an important position within his government. He worked with Mussolini to implement economic policies and played a key role in promoting the regime's economic agenda.
Reconstruction
It is also a coincidence that the same Marcus Wallenberg Sr. was an "Expert" for Hjalmar Schacht (Hitlers Banker), in the "reconstruction" of the German banking system.
Wallenbergs protege McKittrick the childhood friend with Dulles
Thomas H. McKittrick the BIS boss 1940-1944.
Marcus Wallenberg Sr. sat on the Credits Arbitration Committee with Thomas H. McKittrick and Franz Urbig, which solved disputes between German commercial banks.
Marcus Wallenberg jr. taught McKittrick about the complicated international finances, and was an important mentor to the American throughout his presidency of the Bank for International Settlements, teaching him to play both sides simultaneously in the war, which would guarantee the banks and business empires future existence regardless of the outcome.
McKittrick wrote to Marcus Wallenberg Sr. in 1943;
"-During the three years I have been in Basel, your method of approaching international problems, of which I gained some understanding during our work together in Berlin, has helped me more than I can tell you in dealing with the intricate and delicate questions which have presented themselves to the Bank for International Settlements by reason of changes wrought by the war. The thought of following in your footsteps will provide spur to my will and a goal for my ambition. When people understand what was the basis for Communism, Fascism, "Terrorism" and Nazism - then it will be a real circus for the bankers."
The perspective that takes this full circle back or lets just call it "the ring".
The Versailles system after WWI was already destined to collapse from the beginning, hence the participants Dawes and Young in the committee system, this the committee league (Dulles, Wallenberg, Schacht, Young, Dawes) had thus undoubtedly intended from the beginning, which it also, as is well known, later did; and then after this crash, a new financial system would be introduced, which was done in 1931, with the formation of the Bank for International Settlements, which still exists today.
A key figure in the formation of the Bank for International Settlements was Hjalmar Schacht, who was one of the structural architects behind the creation of Hitler's regime, and who was in principle a purely Anglo-American agent, more precisely an agent of Bank of England chief Montague Norman Ring.
The Banksters
German bankers in the Farben Aufsichsrat (Board of Companies) in the late 1920s included the Hamburg banker Max Warburg, whose brother Paul Warburg was the founder of the Federal Reserve System in the United States.
Not only through the happy circumstances of chance, Paul Warburg was also a board member of American IG, Farben's wholly owned American subsidiary.
In addition to Max Warburg and Hermann Schmitz's guidance and warm hands, the creation of the Farben empire also included Carl Bosch, Fritz ter Meer, Kurt Oppenheim and George von Schnitzler, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman Ring All of these except the bankers Max Warburg, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman were prosecuted as war criminals after World War II, but people on the winning side were so rarely prosecuted, even at that time, not even bankers.
Between 1927, and the beginning of WW2, IG Farben expanded to double its own scope, size, and reach, this was made possible in large part by/via American technical assistance and by/via American connections, such as a capital injection of $30 million invested by /via National City Bank.
By/via the National City Bank, by 1939 IG had acquired or acquired a participation and managerial function-creating influence in 380 other German companies, and in over 500 foreign companies.
The Farben empire owned its own coal mines, its own electric power, placers, iron and steel units, banks, research units, and countless commercial companies/wave units.-Patents.
IGs Allies
There were over 2,000 cartel agreements between IG and foreign companies — including Standard Oil New Jersey, DuPont, Alcoa, Dow Chemical, and others within the United States.
More destruction of records
The full story of I,G, Farben and its worldwide activities before WW2 will probably never be fully in the light of day, because German records were destroyed in 1945 as an expectation of Allied victory arose.
IG Farben's own products.
The management of the Farben company (ie, "IG Farben official" referred to in the survey) included, not only German but also prominent American financiers. This 1945 investigation by the US War Department reports in its conclusion that IG Farben's mission from Hitler in the prewar period was to make Germany self-sufficient in rubber, gasoline, lubricating oils, magnesium, fibers, tanning agents, grease, and explosives.
To fulfill this critical mission, vast sums were spent by IG Farben on refining processes for these war materials from domestic German raw materials - especially the abundant German coal resources. In cases where these processes could not be developed in Germany, they were procured abroad under cartel arrangements.
However, a post-war investigation by/via the US War Department concludes as follows:
Without IG Farben's immense productive possibilities, its intense action orientation, and vast international reach, Germany's prosecution of war would have been completely unthinkable and impossible;
IG Farben not only directed its energies towards the arming of Germany, but also concentrated on the weakening and weakening of intended victims, and where this double-acting tactic worked to expand German industrial capabilities for war and to limit it to the rest of the world discovered the motives. So the Arab Spring in repeat.
The evidence is overwhelming that IG Farben had full prior and fundamental knowledge of Germany's planning for world conquest, and of every specific aggressive action subsequently carried out.
IG Farben de facto wrote the entire planning on its own and in advance
It doesn't get much better that only a minimum knowledge of the Treaty of Versailles and its committee system, unconditionally shows the viewer that IG Farben de facto wrote the entire planning on its own and in advance, in the form of the Four Year Plans that Adolf Hitler was said to have created when he sat on Landsberg.
The following prompts reflection on this
Registered
Confidential! Staff!
To Professor Selck
IG Farbenindustrie AG
Frankfurt/Main 20
Your Letter of 3 September 1934
Dear Professor Selck,
"-In my opinion we must try everything to prevent Herr Göring* from entering the office of the Raw Materials Commissioner (here sat Jacob W) [in the Ministry of Economics] and therefore coming into the closest contact with the Minister. In Göring, the Reich Ministry of Economies would have a person who is extremely well informed about IG and its set up. In view of Hitler's character, that would be very dangerous in most cases.
Mr. Göring knows the entire staff of IG and it would be easy for him to find out the exact opinions and intentions of IG through friends and acquaintances; for example, in the case of the negotiations of IG with the government about financial support projects which IG is about to undertake.
That would not serve us at all. There is also the danger that Mr. Göring might possibly be employed in checking the entire expenses of plants that were built with government support. Since, in this respect, he also knows everything about cost prices and previous obligations, this would be most unpleasant for us.
The government would also always make use of Herr Göring in regard to all other problems which IG has to discuss with the government, since he knows the situation best.
Outwardly, Herr Göring would act as if he were favorably inclined towards us because of old friendship, but because of his unlimited ambition he would always try to establish his position in his new field at our expense.
In addition, Mr. Göring would have free access to the various IG plants through the government — a situation which in my opinion is simply impossible. For example, it would be simply unthinkable that Herr Göring should ever again enter the Wolfen plant. All of my associates would unanimously object to this, and I myself would do likewise."
Herman Göring, has a very special role in this, if you go deep into the swedish archives he will be involved in many activities. But first check this out;
To fulfill this critical mission, vast sums were spent by IG Farben on refining processes for these war materials from domestic German raw materials – especially the abundant German coal resources.
In cases where these processes could not be developed in Germany, they were procured abroad under cartel arrangements.
Maybe, Sweden?
From the Nuremberg Trials:
"For the period of transition from 1919 up to rearmament, AK [Krupp] had undertaken various tasks, in order to keep up the Company's activity in the field of artillery, in the sense of observing activities in that field in the rest of the world (relation: BOFORS) and then also for the production of artillery material, within and to a certain extent also beyond, the limitation established by the peace dictate"
The Wallenberg brothers and the Nazis
The Dutch researchers Gerard Aalders and Cees Wibes have made a real effort to lay out this oligarchy maneuvers within the banking and business of war and death.
The book "Business at any cost" is a must read.
The Dutch researchers Gerard Aalders and Cees Wibes show in the book that Jakob and Markus Wallenberg were heavily paid by IG Farben, Bosch and other German companies to camouflage the ownership of German subsidiaries in the United States.
This is to protect them from confiscation by the United States' Enemy Property Custodian, "a federal organization with powers to intervene against companies owned by companies in countries with which the United States was at war." The brothers' actions were downright criminal.
The settlement with, among others, Farben and Bosch took place in 1939 and meant that the companies had the right to buy back shares at a predetermined price within two years after the end of the coming war.
The Wallenberg brothers were thus in agreement with and had no objection to Hitler's plans for a major war. In the 1930s, IG Farben was the world's largest company. IG Farben owned part of Auschwitz and also manufactured the poison gas Zyklon, which was used for large-scale executions in the Nazi concentration camps.
It was a director of IG Farben who drew up the war rearmament plan in 1936 for Hitler's government. Bosch was a major supplier to the German war industry, and like IG Farben and many other large German companies, Hitler's SS paid for the supply of slave labor.
It is impossible that J and M Wallenberg did not know about these conditions.
Aaldes and Wibes also show that Jakob and Markus bought stolen goods including stocks and diamonds from the Nazis.
When the book Business at any price was published in Sweden, the Wallenberg family was asked to deny these and other information. They never did.
In addition, Aaldes and Wibes show that the Wallenberg-controlled company SKF actively worked to cut off the supply of ball bearings to the defense industry in the USA and instead supplied products from its American factories to Nazi Germany through subsidiaries in South America.
Jakob Wallenberg "was appointed in 1941 by Hitler as 'Commander of the Order of Merit of the German Eagle', which was awarded only to a few foreigners who had rendered the Third Reich exceptionally great services".
Markus was shrewd enough not to accept the "iron eagle" order from Hitler and managed after the war to appear as a friend of the Allies.
But he was just as deeply involved as Jakob in the criminal collaboration with the Nazis.
Considering the various forms of support that the Nazis received from the Swedish government during the Second World War, for example the transport of troops in SJ's trains and the use of Bromma airport for military purposes, Markus and Jakob's profitable collaboration with the Nazis was indeed a "truly Swedish history".
The swedish archives of 1999
In addition to this the Wallenberg control and ownership of IG Farben and other nefarious bankster activities was proven by the swedish government that waited until 1999 to release the documentation.
For in depth research
SOU 1999:20
Appendix 3 Henrik Lindberg, PhD student:
• Report on the inventory in the Riksbank's archive of contacts between Wallenberg and Ivar Rooth 1933-1946.
Gunnar Lindqvist, file. dr.:
• Two reports concerning such art which may have come to Sweden at the time of the Second World War from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied countries and which may have been confiscated or looted from primarily Jews.
Sven Nordlund, assistant professor:
• Two reports relating to the inventory of primary material relating to patent and trademark documents as well as information on Jewish business, entrepreneurs and Jewish interests in companies based on the archives of the Refugee Agency.
Per Schybergson, docent: • Two reports with views on research in the Wallenberg archive on Enskilda Banken's and the Wallenberg brothers' correspondence and other documents.
Extract from the swedish archives
ON 1999:20
Summary 23
Stockholm's Enskilda Bank, which was led by the Wallenberg brothers, also acquired securities from abroad during the war.
All the deals of this kind that the commission has noticed were mediated by the German company Otto Wolff. Rebholz Bank also appeared in this context. Mainly the deals meant that
Enskilda Banken exchanged German debt bonds for US dollar bonds that had been in Dutch ownership. In addition, there were purchases of Swedish securities owned abroad.
In connection with the swaps, detailed negotiations were conducted on the design of the access certificates that the bank believed should accompany the bonds. After the war, there was a dispute between Enskilda Banken and the Dutch central bank, which considered itself entitled to buy them back.
The dispute, which was settled by a settlement in 1951, concerned mainly the repurchase price. In an overall assessment, the Commission has come to the conclusion that it cannot be ruled out that securities that Enskilda Banken bought via Otto Wolff and Rebholz Bank were of Jewish origin.
The commercial banks and Nazi gold
The Swedish commercial banks and other Swedish businessmen were not prevented by law from trading in gold during the war. Exports did require permission from 1940 and imports from autumn 1944, but there was never any formal obstacle to transactions that took place entirely within the country or abroad.
The commission has been able to establish that the Swedish trade in gold at the time of the Second World War was nevertheless strongly centralized to the Riksbank, which seems to have maintained a kind of monopoly within the borders.
It was thus the Riksbank that received gold when Germany bought back Kreuger bonds from Skandinaviska Banken and LM Ericsson in 1940. A similar deal took place in 1943, when STAB sold Danzig bonds.
The Riksbank received a lot of gold as part payment. This gold has been shown to originate from the Belgian central bank. For reasons that appear in the Commission's interim report, it can therefore be assumed that it was not of Jewish origin.
In the investigations the commission has made in the archives of the commercial banks and relevant authorities, only one example has emerged of a Swedish businessman without the Riksbank's direct involvement carrying out a transaction using gold as a means of payment.
Enskilda Banken received approximately 0.15 tons of gold from the German Reichsbank as a commission after a bank-related company based in Panama, on Otto Wolff's behalf, had bought up German foreign relations in the USA in late 1940 and early 1941.
The gold was delivered at the Schweizerischer Bankverein in Basel. Of the mentioned gold, approximately 0.05 tonnes was of Swedish origin. The Commission has not been able to rule out that the remaining 0.10 tonnes included a certain amount of confiscated or looted personal gold.
24 Summary
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The business banks submitted monthly information on their gold holdings to the Swedish Banking and Financial Supervisory Authority. The changes were very marginal throughout the war period, which lends support to the assumption that the private banks' activity was low in dealing in gold. According to the statistics, the total holdings on average per month during the war years amounted to only approximately 0.10 tons.
Gold refining
In so-called refineries, scrap gold and the like are refined for re-use in the manufacture of jewellery, dental fillings, etc. Several refineries were active in Sweden during the war years.
They received scrap gold, among other things, from customers in Denmark and Norway. Permission for the import was given on the condition that the corresponding amount in refined condition was returned. At least one of the refineries used a German company for part of the refining process. Partially processed scrap was sent from the Swedish company to the German one. The corresponding amount of gold in a further refined condition was sent back for further processing. It cannot be ruled out that confiscated or looted personal gold may have occurred in this handling.
Swedish subsidiaries in Nazi territories
Several large Swedish companies had subsidiaries in Nazi-dominated areas. In the overview investigations the commission has been able to do, nothing has come to light to indicate that these subsidiaries contributed to assets of Jewish origin being brought to Sweden. However, it may have happened that one or more of these subsidiaries took over properties that Jews had been forced to leave. In at least one of the subsidiaries, namely at the SKF plant in Schweinfurt, prisoners of war worked. To what extent these prisoners of war were Jews is unknown. It has not been completely ruled out that concentration camp prisoners were used as slave labor in some Swedish company in Germany or occupied areas.
124 Commission work
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Corresponding delimitation generally applies to accusations of different kinds that have been made in contexts where Swedish actions at the time of the Second World War have been discussed.
The last decade's debate, in the daily press and other media, concerning Sweden's political and business stance during the Second World War contains many articles related to the commission's mission, but with a more comprehensive perspective.
In articles and books, based on their central position in the Swedish economy, the Wallenberg brothers have had to receive criticism for the Swedish foreign trade policy in various respects. A relatively common thought in writings and in the media debate is that Sweden through its export of ore and ball bearings and the Wallenberg companies through their business and strategic importance would have contributed to an extension of the war and thus to the suffering of the Jewish people.
Within the commission, this thought has led to the observation that individual companies in their actions were bound by bilateral trade agreements, and furthermore that the export of ore and ball bearings was dominated by Grängesbergsbolaget and SKF; companies that were not within Enskilda Banken's but Skandinaviska Banken's sphere of interest.4 The examples illustrate that the debate in the media is weakly anchored in available economic-historical research. It also underlines that in-depth research on the interaction between trade actors and the government during the changing stages of the Second World War is an urgent research task.
In its work, the commission has encountered several issues of the same urgent nature, issues that are connected to the commission's mission but do not fit within given directives.
Note: Below regarding the Bosch affair is hilarious, typical swedish and here for entertainment purpose only
/bombadil
It can be mentioned here that the commission, after having read both Swedish and American (sources 5), has found no signs that the so-called Bosch affair, in which Enskilda Banken was involved, included property of Jewish origin.
After discussion, the Commission therefore decided not to investigate that business further. For the same reason, the commission has also not analyzed the information that appeared in the debate about Enskilda Banken's relationships.
4
For information on Skandinaviska Banken's sphere of interest, see Carlsson See also section 2.4.3.
5
Ulf Olsson, Bank, family and business: Stockholms Enskilda Bank 1946-1971, Stockholm 1986, pp. 19 ff.,
6
Gerard Aalders and Cees Wiebes, Business at any cost: The Wallenbergs' secret support to the Nazis.
Report May 25, 1949, to Mr. Ray E. Dougherty, Supervisor, Litigation and Claims Division, from Hans Strauss re Vargos v. Clark, The Gold Transaction” (Commission's dnr 121/97).
.
ON 1999:20
Commission work 125
Connections with IG Farben, for example through the Dutch Hollandsche Koopmans Bank in which Enskilda banken owned 20 percent.
IG Farben,
American IG
Swedish IG
American Bosch Company.
SEB
Warburg Bank
Hambro Bank
Ericsson
Crypto AG
1/2
Swedish archive extract continuous in next X post.
The financial set up for the 3d reich project and the hijacking of the BIS including Italy and the Swedish archives.
"This article aims at explaining the Nazis IG Farben, the industrial engine behind the WW2, the prerequisite is that wallenberg is reforming the german banking system prior to the genocide and WW2" /Bombadil
Swedish-Italian bank Banca Commerciale Italiana
Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Marcus Wallenberg Sr. worked together in the early 20th century on various business projects.
Together they founded the Swedish-Italian bank Banca Commerciale Italiana in 1912, which played an important role in financing Italian industrial development.
Both Volpi di Misurata and Wallenberg Sr. sat on the bank's board of directors.
Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata had an important relationship with Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator and leader of the Fascist Party. Volpi di Misurata was a prominent figure in Italian politics and business in the early 20th century and had close ties to Mussolini and his regime.
Volpi di Misurata supported the Fascist movement and played a crucial role in Mussolini's rise to power. He served as finance minister in Mussolini's government from 1922 to 1925 and played a crucial role in implementing economic policies to support the regime's goals.
As Finance Minister, Volpi di Misurata worked closely with Mussolini to shape Italy's economic policies, including efforts to modernize the country and strengthen its industries.
He played a key role in industrializing Italy and promoting state intervention in the economy, in line with fascist economic principles.
Volpi di Misurata was also involved in several high-profile projects during the Fascist regime, such as the reclamation and development of the Pontine Marshes in Italy and the establishment of the Italian colonial empire in Africa. In summary, Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata had a close relationship with Benito Mussolini and held an important position within his government. He worked with Mussolini to implement economic policies and played a key role in promoting the regime's economic agenda.
Reconstruction
It is also a coincidence that the same Marcus Wallenberg Sr. was an "Expert" for Hjalmar Schacht (Hitlers Banker), in the "reconstruction" of the German banking system.
Wallenbergs protege McKittrick the childhood friend with Dulles
Thomas H. McKittrick the BIS boss 1940-1944.
Marcus Wallenberg Sr. sat on the Credits Arbitration Committee with Thomas H. McKittrick and Franz Urbig, which solved disputes between German commercial banks.
Marcus Wallenberg jr. taught McKittrick about the complicated international finances, and was an important mentor to the American throughout his presidency of the Bank for International Settlements, teaching him to play both sides simultaneously in the war, which would guarantee the banks and business empires future existence regardless of the outcome.
McKittrick wrote to Marcus Wallenberg Sr. in 1943;
"-During the three years I have been in Basel, your method of approaching international problems, of which I gained some understanding during our work together in Berlin, has helped me more than I can tell you in dealing with the intricate and delicate questions which have presented themselves to the Bank for International Settlements by reason of changes wrought by the war. The thought of following in your footsteps will provide spur to my will and a goal for my ambition. When people understand what was the basis for Communism, Fascism, "Terrorism" and Nazism - then it will be a real circus for the bankers."
The perspective that takes this full circle back or lets just call it "the ring".
The Versailles system after WWI was already destined to collapse from the beginning, hence the participants Dawes and Young in the committee system, this the committee league (Dulles, Wallenberg, Schacht, Young, Dawes) had thus undoubtedly intended from the beginning, which it also, as is well known, later did; and then after this crash, a new financial system would be introduced, which was done in 1931, with the formation of the Bank for International Settlements, which still exists today.
A key figure in the formation of the Bank for International Settlements was Hjalmar Schacht, who was one of the structural architects behind the creation of Hitler's regime, and who was in principle a purely Anglo-American agent, more precisely an agent of Bank of England chief Montague Norman Ring.
The Banksters
German bankers in the Farben Aufsichsrat (Board of Companies) in the late 1920s included the Hamburg banker Max Warburg, whose brother Paul Warburg was the founder of the Federal Reserve System in the United States.
Not only through the happy circumstances of chance, Paul Warburg was also a board member of American IG, Farben's wholly owned American subsidiary.
In addition to Max Warburg and Hermann Schmitz's guidance and warm hands, the creation of the Farben empire also included Carl Bosch, Fritz ter Meer, Kurt Oppenheim and George von Schnitzler, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman Ring All of these except the bankers Max Warburg, Hjalmar Schacht and Montague Norman were prosecuted as war criminals after World War II, but people on the winning side were so rarely prosecuted, even at that time, not even bankers.
Between 1927, and the beginning of WW2, IG Farben expanded to double its own scope, size, and reach, this was made possible in large part by/via American technical assistance and by/via American connections, such as a capital injection of $30 million invested by /via National City Bank.
By/via the National City Bank, by 1939 IG had acquired or acquired a participation and managerial function-creating influence in 380 other German companies, and in over 500 foreign companies.
The Farben empire owned its own coal mines, its own electric power, placers, iron and steel units, banks, research units, and countless commercial companies/wave units.-Patents.
IGs Allies
There were over 2,000 cartel agreements between IG and foreign companies — including Standard Oil New Jersey, DuPont, Alcoa, Dow Chemical, and others within the United States.
More destruction of records
The full story of I,G, Farben and its worldwide activities before WW2 will probably never be fully in the light of day, because German records were destroyed in 1945 as an expectation of Allied victory arose.
IG Farben's own products.
The management of the Farben company (ie, "IG Farben official" referred to in the survey) included, not only German but also prominent American financiers. This 1945 investigation by the US War Department reports in its conclusion that IG Farben's mission from Hitler in the prewar period was to make Germany self-sufficient in rubber, gasoline, lubricating oils, magnesium, fibers, tanning agents, grease, and explosives.
To fulfill this critical mission, vast sums were spent by IG Farben on refining processes for these war materials from domestic German raw materials - especially the abundant German coal resources. In cases where these processes could not be developed in Germany, they were procured abroad under cartel arrangements.
However, a post-war investigation by/via the US War Department concludes as follows:
Without IG Farben's immense productive possibilities, its intense action orientation, and vast international reach, Germany's prosecution of war would have been completely unthinkable and impossible;
IG Farben not only directed its energies towards the arming of Germany, but also concentrated on the weakening and weakening of intended victims, and where this double-acting tactic worked to expand German industrial capabilities for war and to limit it to the rest of the world discovered the motives. So the Arab Spring in repeat.
The evidence is overwhelming that IG Farben had full prior and fundamental knowledge of Germany's planning for world conquest, and of every specific aggressive action subsequently carried out.
IG Farben de facto wrote the entire planning on its own and in advance
It doesn't get much better that only a minimum knowledge of the Treaty of Versailles and its committee system, unconditionally shows the viewer that IG Farben de facto wrote the entire planning on its own and in advance, in the form of the Four Year Plans that Adolf Hitler was said to have created when he sat on Landsberg.
The following prompts reflection on this
Registered
Confidential! Staff!
To Professor Selck
IG Farbenindustrie AG
Frankfurt/Main 20
Your Letter of 3 September 1934
Dear Professor Selck,
"-In my opinion we must try everything to prevent Herr Göring* from entering the office of the Raw Materials Commissioner (here sat Jacob W) [in the Ministry of Economics] and therefore coming into the closest contact with the Minister. In Göring, the Reich Ministry of Economies would have a person who is extremely well informed about IG and its set up. In view of Hitler's character, that would be very dangerous in most cases.
Mr. Göring knows the entire staff of IG and it would be easy for him to find out the exact opinions and intentions of IG through friends and acquaintances; for example, in the case of the negotiations of IG with the government about financial support projects which IG is about to undertake.
That would not serve us at all. There is also the danger that Mr. Göring might possibly be employed in checking the entire expenses of plants that were built with government support. Since, in this respect, he also knows everything about cost prices and previous obligations, this would be most unpleasant for us.
The government would also always make use of Herr Göring in regard to all other problems which IG has to discuss with the government, since he knows the situation best.
Outwardly, Herr Göring would act as if he were favorably inclined towards us because of old friendship, but because of his unlimited ambition he would always try to establish his position in his new field at our expense.
In addition, Mr. Göring would have free access to the various IG plants through the government — a situation which in my opinion is simply impossible. For example, it would be simply unthinkable that Herr Göring should ever again enter the Wolfen plant. All of my associates would unanimously object to this, and I myself would do likewise."
Herman Göring, has a very special role in this, if you go deep into the swedish archives he will be involved in many activities. But first check this out;
To fulfill this critical mission, vast sums were spent by IG Farben on refining processes for these war materials from domestic German raw materials – especially the abundant German coal resources.
In cases where these processes could not be developed in Germany, they were procured abroad under cartel arrangements.
Maybe, Sweden?
From the Nuremberg Trials:
"For the period of transition from 1919 up to rearmament, AK [Krupp] had undertaken various tasks, in order to keep up the Company's activity in the field of artillery, in the sense of observing activities in that field in the rest of the world (relation: BOFORS) and then also for the production of artillery material, within and to a certain extent also beyond, the limitation established by the peace dictate"
The Wallenberg brothers and the Nazis
The Dutch researchers Gerard Aalders and Cees Wibes have made a real effort to lay out this oligarchy maneuvers within the banking and business of war and death.
The book "Business at any cost" is a must read.
The Dutch researchers Gerard Aalders and Cees Wibes show in the book that Jakob and Markus Wallenberg were heavily paid by IG Farben, Bosch and other German companies to camouflage the ownership of German subsidiaries in the United States.
This is to protect them from confiscation by the United States' Enemy Property Custodian, "a federal organization with powers to intervene against companies owned by companies in countries with which the United States was at war." The brothers' actions were downright criminal.
The settlement with, among others, Farben and Bosch took place in 1939 and meant that the companies had the right to buy back shares at a predetermined price within two years after the end of the coming war.
The Wallenberg brothers were thus in agreement with and had no objection to Hitler's plans for a major war. In the 1930s, IG Farben was the world's largest company. IG Farben owned part of Auschwitz and also manufactured the poison gas Zyklon, which was used for large-scale executions in the Nazi concentration camps.
It was a director of IG Farben who drew up the war rearmament plan in 1936 for Hitler's government. Bosch was a major supplier to the German war industry, and like IG Farben and many other large German companies, Hitler's SS paid for the supply of slave labor.
It is impossible that J and M Wallenberg did not know about these conditions.
Aaldes and Wibes also show that Jakob and Markus bought stolen goods including stocks and diamonds from the Nazis.
When the book Business at any price was published in Sweden, the Wallenberg family was asked to deny these and other information. They never did.
In addition, Aaldes and Wibes show that the Wallenberg-controlled company SKF actively worked to cut off the supply of ball bearings to the defense industry in the USA and instead supplied products from its American factories to Nazi Germany through subsidiaries in South America.
Jakob Wallenberg "was appointed in 1941 by Hitler as 'Commander of the Order of Merit of the German Eagle', which was awarded only to a few foreigners who had rendered the Third Reich exceptionally great services".
Markus was shrewd enough not to accept the "iron eagle" order from Hitler and managed after the war to appear as a friend of the Allies.
But he was just as deeply involved as Jakob in the criminal collaboration with the Nazis.
Considering the various forms of support that the Nazis received from the Swedish government during the Second World War, for example the transport of troops in SJ's trains and the use of Bromma airport for military purposes, Markus and Jakob's profitable collaboration with the Nazis was indeed a "truly Swedish history".
The swedish archives of 1999
In addition to this the Wallenberg control and ownership of IG Farben and other nefarious bankster activities was proven by the swedish government that waited until 1999 to release the documentation.
For in depth research
SOU 1999:20
Appendix 3 Henrik Lindberg, PhD student:
• Report on the inventory in the Riksbank's archive of contacts between Wallenberg and Ivar Rooth 1933-1946.
Gunnar Lindqvist, file. dr.:
• Two reports concerning such art which may have come to Sweden at the time of the Second World War from Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied countries and which may have been confiscated or looted from primarily Jews.
Sven Nordlund, assistant professor:
• Two reports relating to the inventory of primary material relating to patent and trademark documents as well as information on Jewish business, entrepreneurs and Jewish interests in companies based on the archives of the Refugee Agency.
Per Schybergson, docent: • Two reports with views on research in the Wallenberg archive on Enskilda Banken's and the Wallenberg brothers' correspondence and other documents.
Extract from the swedish archives
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Summary 23
Stockholm's Enskilda Bank, which was led by the Wallenberg brothers, also acquired securities from abroad during the war.
All the deals of this kind that the commission has noticed were mediated by the German company Otto Wolff. Rebholz Bank also appeared in this context. Mainly the deals meant that
Enskilda Banken exchanged German debt bonds for US dollar bonds that had been in Dutch ownership. In addition, there were purchases of Swedish securities owned abroad.
In connection with the swaps, detailed negotiations were conducted on the design of the access certificates that the bank believed should accompany the bonds. After the war, there was a dispute between Enskilda Banken and the Dutch central bank, which considered itself entitled to buy them back.
The dispute, which was settled by a settlement in 1951, concerned mainly the repurchase price. In an overall assessment, the Commission has come to the conclusion that it cannot be ruled out that securities that Enskilda Banken bought via Otto Wolff and Rebholz Bank were of Jewish origin.
The commercial banks and Nazi gold
The Swedish commercial banks and other Swedish businessmen were not prevented by law from trading in gold during the war. Exports did require permission from 1940 and imports from autumn 1944, but there was never any formal obstacle to transactions that took place entirely within the country or abroad.
The commission has been able to establish that the Swedish trade in gold at the time of the Second World War was nevertheless strongly centralized to the Riksbank, which seems to have maintained a kind of monopoly within the borders.
It was thus the Riksbank that received gold when Germany bought back Kreuger bonds from Skandinaviska Banken and LM Ericsson in 1940. A similar deal took place in 1943, when STAB sold Danzig bonds.
The Riksbank received a lot of gold as part payment. This gold has been shown to originate from the Belgian central bank. For reasons that appear in the Commission's interim report, it can therefore be assumed that it was not of Jewish origin.
In the investigations the commission has made in the archives of the commercial banks and relevant authorities, only one example has emerged of a Swedish businessman without the Riksbank's direct involvement carrying out a transaction using gold as a means of payment.
Enskilda Banken received approximately 0.15 tons of gold from the German Reichsbank as a commission after a bank-related company based in Panama, on Otto Wolff's behalf, had bought up German foreign relations in the USA in late 1940 and early 1941.
The gold was delivered at the Schweizerischer Bankverein in Basel. Of the mentioned gold, approximately 0.05 tonnes was of Swedish origin. The Commission has not been able to rule out that the remaining 0.10 tonnes included a certain amount of confiscated or looted personal gold.
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The business banks submitted monthly information on their gold holdings to the Swedish Banking and Financial Supervisory Authority. The changes were very marginal throughout the war period, which lends support to the assumption that the private banks' activity was low in dealing in gold. According to the statistics, the total holdings on average per month during the war years amounted to only approximately 0.10 tons.
Gold refining
In so-called refineries, scrap gold and the like are refined for re-use in the manufacture of jewellery, dental fillings, etc. Several refineries were active in Sweden during the war years.
They received scrap gold, among other things, from customers in Denmark and Norway. Permission for the import was given on the condition that the corresponding amount in refined condition was returned. At least one of the refineries used a German company for part of the refining process. Partially processed scrap was sent from the Swedish company to the German one. The corresponding amount of gold in a further refined condition was sent back for further processing. It cannot be ruled out that confiscated or looted personal gold may have occurred in this handling.
Swedish subsidiaries in Nazi territories
Several large Swedish companies had subsidiaries in Nazi-dominated areas. In the overview investigations the commission has been able to do, nothing has come to light to indicate that these subsidiaries contributed to assets of Jewish origin being brought to Sweden. However, it may have happened that one or more of these subsidiaries took over properties that Jews had been forced to leave. In at least one of the subsidiaries, namely at the SKF plant in Schweinfurt, prisoners of war worked. To what extent these prisoners of war were Jews is unknown. It has not been completely ruled out that concentration camp prisoners were used as slave labor in some Swedish company in Germany or occupied areas.
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Corresponding delimitation generally applies to accusations of different kinds that have been made in contexts where Swedish actions at the time of the Second World War have been discussed.
The last decade's debate, in the daily press and other media, concerning Sweden's political and business stance during the Second World War contains many articles related to the commission's mission, but with a more comprehensive perspective.
In articles and books, based on their central position in the Swedish economy, the Wallenberg brothers have had to receive criticism for the Swedish foreign trade policy in various respects. A relatively common thought in writings and in the media debate is that Sweden through its export of ore and ball bearings and the Wallenberg companies through their business and strategic importance would have contributed to an extension of the war and thus to the suffering of the Jewish people.
Within the commission, this thought has led to the observation that individual companies in their actions were bound by bilateral trade agreements, and furthermore that the export of ore and ball bearings was dominated by Grängesbergsbolaget and SKF; companies that were not within Enskilda Banken's but Skandinaviska Banken's sphere of interest.4 The examples illustrate that the debate in the media is weakly anchored in available economic-historical research. It also underlines that in-depth research on the interaction between trade actors and the government during the changing stages of the Second World War is an urgent research task.
In its work, the commission has encountered several issues of the same urgent nature, issues that are connected to the commission's mission but do not fit within given directives.
Note: Below regarding the Bosch affair is hilarious, typical swedish and here for entertainment purpose only
/bombadil
It can be mentioned here that the commission, after having read both Swedish and American (sources 5), has found no signs that the so-called Bosch affair, in which Enskilda Banken was involved, included property of Jewish origin.
After discussion, the Commission therefore decided not to investigate that business further. For the same reason, the commission has also not analyzed the information that appeared in the debate about Enskilda Banken's relationships.
4
For information on Skandinaviska Banken's sphere of interest, see Carlsson See also section 2.4.3.
5
Ulf Olsson, Bank, family and business: Stockholms Enskilda Bank 1946-1971, Stockholm 1986, pp. 19 ff.,
6
Gerard Aalders and Cees Wiebes, Business at any cost: The Wallenbergs' secret support to the Nazis.
Report May 25, 1949, to Mr. Ray E. Dougherty, Supervisor, Litigation and Claims Division, from Hans Strauss re Vargos v. Clark, The Gold Transaction” (Commission's dnr 121/97).
.
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Commission work 125
Connections with IG Farben, for example through the Dutch Hollandsche Koopmans Bank in which Enskilda banken owned 20 percent.
IG Farben,
American IG
Swedish IG
American Bosch Company.
SEB
Warburg Bank
Hambro Bank
Ericsson
Crypto AG
1/2
Swedish archive extract continuous in next X post.
2/2
The financial set up for the 3d reich project and the hijacking of the BIS including Italy and the Swedish archives.
"This article aims at explaining the Nazis IG Farben, the industrial engine behind the WW2, the prerequisite is that wallenberg is reforming the german banking system prior to the genocide and WW2" /Bombadil
Swedish archives continued
Sweden-Germany
Swedish imports from Germany were always more extensive than Swedish exports there. However, the balance of payments between the two countries was not only affected by trade in goods. Of great importance was the Swedish export of transport services and the financial relations.
Since the 1920s, large German loans were partly placed with Swedish banks and companies. Sweden found it increasingly difficult to get paid from Nazi Germany for these loans. Special agreements on payment of these and other German loans were therefore concluded between the countries at the same time as the system of clearing goods and service payments was introduced.
When Sweden and Nazi Germany negotiated trade agreements, these economic relations were also discussed. Despite the Swedish import surplus, a growing German debt to Sweden arose overall.
In the fall of 1940, part of the German Kreuger loan was redeemed.
The Germans paid partly in dollars and partly in gold. On the Swedish side, the Riksbank accepted the gold payment and then compensated the Swedish creditors in other ways.
The Commission sees nothing remarkable in itself that gold was accepted as payment in this context. Gold has traditionally been used as a means of payment between central banks.
The purpose of this deal was from the Swedish side to reduce a credit to Nazi Germany. Grounds for criticism from the commission could still exist if there were reasons to believe that the gold in question came from Jews. In light of what is known so far about the German Reichsbank's gold holdings and gold acquisitions, the gold received by the Riksbank in 1940 cannot possibly have contained such gold as was confiscated or looted from Jews and other particularly persecuted persons.
Warburg-Wallenberg-IG Farben (hidden ownership)
Stockholm's Enskilda Bank's side would divest shares in the German company IG Farben to finance the part-ownership.
On July 18, Stockholm's Enskilda Bank wrote to the Warburg Bank and requested information on whether the German authorities would in principle accept such a solution.
They didn't want to risk a rejection. At the same time, it was announced that the required IG Farben shares were available in Berlin.
Warburgs also contacted the Reichswirtschaftsministerium on the matter and then wrote on 10 August to Stockholm's Enskilda Bank that the purpose of that contact was to find out whether the misgivings about the financing proposal that had emerged remained.
According to Warburgs, this essential point had to be clarified before a corresponding application was made. Warburgs finally promised to get in touch when the probe yielded results.
Shortly afterwards, the Warburg Bank was arized in a different way. The management was taken over by Rudolf Brinckmann and Paul Wirtz.
They were considered to be Aryan, but were also both long-time relatives of the Warburg family.
On August 22, 1938, Erich Warburg wrote to Jacob Wallenberg to introduce the bank's new head, Rudolf Brinckmann, whom he called his long-time friend and colleague, as general representative of the firm.
Erich Warburg added that he hardly needed to tell Jacob Wallenberg how much the Warburgs would welcome if the long-standing friendly relations between Stockholm's Enskilda Bank and Warburgbanken could continue with the new firm and lead to increased business.
On September 6, 1938, Marcus Wallenberg noted in his work diary a visit from Erich Warburg: "Everything patted and ready for 7/9.
Had not yet decided what he was going to do in America...He didn't know if his father wanted to leave Germany, which he thought was stupid."
In September, the exchange of letters between the two banks resumed.
In a personal letter to Rolf Calissendorff at Stockholm's Enskilda Bank on September 26, Brinckmann asks if, despite the changed circumstances, the Swedish bank stood by its desire to join as a limited partner.
Brinckman expresses on the one hand that such a contribution would of course be appreciated and on the other hand that he naturally does not want to prejudge a decision from Stockholms Enskilda Bank. Calissendorff replies a couple of days later that, in light of the changed conditions, it was considered that the deal should be abandoned.
Bombadil notes that, that might be a very strange note above since the deal likely was done anyway.
Source: Krister Wahlbäck's report to the commission on Marcus Wallenberg's diary entries 1938-1943, January 1999.
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Business operations 197
5.5.2 Offer regarding the ironworks in Witkowitz
In Witkowitz (Vitkovice) in Czechoslovakia there was a large ironworks, Witkowitzer Bergbau und Eisenhütten Gewerkschaft, which was mostly owned by the Jewish Rotschild family. The ironworks, which sourced part of its ore from Sweden, was located in the part of Czechoslovakia that remained under Czech sovereignty after the country's partition in Munich in September 1938.
In the summer of 1938, conditions were such that the owners considered selling. This became known to Björn Prytz, who was the Swedish minister in London. On 15 June 1938, he therefore wrote to Jacob Wallenberg.
According to the letter, the owner family had considered, among other possibilities, that a Swedish consortium might be interested, "even though investment in Czechoslovakia is not that attractive at the moment". If Jacob Wallenberg did not consider the matter to be of interest, he need not, it was further said, do anything about it. Otherwise a meeting in London was proposed.(61)
On January 28, 1939, Marcus Wallenberg made a diary entry from a conversation in Basel with R. Speich at the Schweizerischer Bankverein and M. Terestchenko at the Société Continentale de Valeurs Bancaires et Industrielles.
According to the note, Witkowitz had been discussed and Marcus Wallenberg then outlined a possible ownership distribution with two shares at Bankverein in Switzerland, one share at Stockholms Enskilda Bank in Sweden, one in Holland and one in Germany.
The work diary also shows that another meeting took place on March 7 of the same year. In addition to those mentioned above, the Czech Dr. Preiss, who represented the large and reputable Zinovstenka Bank in Prague. Marcus Wallenberg noted the following. Witkowitz spoke.
Preiss considers no political risk if the Germans came along. Thought they had 20%. If you have 25% of the shares, this entails certain rights in management and auditing that the Czechs do not want to give to the Germans." From a letter that Preiss wrote on February 17, 1939, it appears that he was anxious to avoid the Germans getting hold of the Jewish family's share of ownership.
On March 15, 1939, Germany occupied the entire Czech Republic. A week later, on March 22, Marcus Wallenberg notes the following. "Terestchenko called from London.
Asked me to call Preiss 'to pat him on the back'. I told him that the Witkowitz affair was doomed, as far as we were concerned. Refused to call Preiss.”(62)
Source
(61)
Paul A. Levine's Report to the Commission on Examination of Portions of Jacob Wallenberg's Correspondence, October 1997.
(62)
Krister Wahlbäck's report to the commission on Marcus Wallenberg's diary entries 1938-1943, January 1999.
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In a memorandum of May 10, 1939, Jacob Wallenberg noted that the day before he had called Director Rasche of the Dresdner Bank and informed him regarding the Witkowitz affair that "we had no interest in acquiring a minority stake in an indirect state-owned German company." At the same time, he explained that under certain circumstances one could possibly consider giving a loan of SEK 10 million.(63)
Marcus Wallenberg noted in a letter to Rasche in September 1939 that no response had been received to this credit commitment and that, under the current circumstances, this was interpreted as a sign that the large transaction had not been able to be carried out. The bank therefore now considered its commitment to be withdrawn, but for the sake of order wanted Rasche to obtain a confirmation of this from Witkowitz.(64)
5.5.3 Offer regarding a paper mill in Hungary
In September 1940, Jacob Wallenberg received a letter from Per Jacobsson, BIS65 Swedish economic adviser, who had recently been in Budapest. Jacobsson had met there with Philipp Weiss from Commercial Bank. Weiss had then presented a proposal that he thought could interest Swedish entrepreneurs. Racial laws had begun to be introduced in Hungary.
Although hardly any regulations had yet been directed against Jewish ownership, there was naturally a concern among the Jews that this would happen. They were, Jacobsson wrote, keen to bring about the expected legislation through wise measures. According to Jacobsson, Weiss had told about a thriving paper mill owned by Jews.
The question was whether a Swedish group of businessmen could conceivably be interested in taking over the dominant ownership interest in the mill. The transfer would be carried out with the aim of achieving Aryanisation.
The idea was that the shares would be sold with a return ticket (66), Weiss had said, but according to Jacobsson he had not given any further specification regarding the nature of the intended transaction.
If Jacob Wallenberg was interested in the matter, he should, according to Jacobsson, send someone to Budapest to speak with Weiss and the mill's management.(67)
The Commission has found no indication that any such action was taken.
Source:
63
Paul A. Levine's report to the commission on the examination of certain archival material attributable to the management of Stockholms Enskilda bank, July 1997.
64
Sven Fritz, Report on review of Jacob Wallenberg's and Marcus Wallenberg j:r's correspondence 1937-46 with preferably German-speaking correspondents (commission's dnr 95/97).
65
International settlement bank, Bank of International Settlements, in Basel.
66
What such an arrangement might have entailed is explained in the next section.
67
Paul A. Levine's Report to the Commission on Examination of Portions of Jacob Wallenberg's Correspondence, October 1997.
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Business operations 199
PATENTS
"Woldemar von Knierem, and he was none other than the murdered Swedish PM Olof Palme's grandfather on the mothers side, as a board member of IG Farben, the company that financed and equipped Adolf Hitler's war machine.
Allegedly he hid away/saved 45.000 patents in neutral Swedens bureaucracy on the behalf of IG farben at the end of the war.
BTW Palme had a Rothschild mistress as a fun fact." /Bombadil
5.6 Ability to transfer intangible assets
Intellectual property rights such as patents and trademarks represent hidden, hard-to-calculate values.
They can be sold or leased at over or under value. One way to bring Jewish-owned assets to Sweden could be to transfer intellectual property rights or grant licenses regarding such rights to Swedish businessmen.
In the general discussion about Jewish assets, it has been claimed that this happened. The Commission has therefore considered how it could have happened.
Theoretically, one can imagine different approaches. It is conceivable, for example, that a Jewish businessman who was threatened by Aryanization sold intellectual property rights to a Swedish businessman, perhaps with a "return ticket" in such a way that they simultaneously agreed on the possibility for the Jewish businessman in question to later buy back the right.
Another possibility could be that the person who, as a result of Aryanization, had acquired a Jewish company after the takeover sought or renewed a Swedish patent or similar protection for intellectual property rights that existed in the company.
5.6.1 Already the threat of Aryanization may have prompted transfers
In cases such as the former, when a Jewish entrepreneur was threatened by Aryanization and therefore handed over his intangible assets to a Swedish businessman, it is conceivable that the Swedish businessman took advantage of the Jewish entrepreneur's predicament.
But it is also conceivable that his takeover was instead aimed at or even contributed to an intangible asset being preserved at its value during the war and then again made available to the Jewish entrepreneur. Of course, one also has to reckon with the possibility that such an initially benevolent purpose was gradually replaced by another, or that as a result of the death of the Jewish entrepreneur it was never fulfilled.
In the archives that have been examined, the Commission has not found any concrete examples of transactions of this kind with intellectual property rights. (68) This does not mean, of course, that one can draw the conclusion that such things did not occur in Swedish business life.
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5.6.2
Swedish protection may have been sought after Aryanisation
It cannot be ruled out that someone who, as a result of Aryanization, had acquired the intangible assets of a Jewish company received legal protection for them in Sweden.
Some American documents that have come to the commission deal on a more general level with German patent applications in Sweden during the war years.(69)
Although they are not said to refer to patents owned by Jews, the commission has chosen to examine them more closely. The possibility existed that they would also contain information that was of direct interest to the commission.
The following has emerged.
In the final stages of the war, suspicions arose that a greatly increased number of German patent applications in Sweden meant an attempt to prepare a methodical capital flight.
Expressen wrote an attention-grabbing article on the matter on January 29, 1945.
The American embassy in London reported in March on the matter and then cited a report made by Albihn's patent office in Stockholm.
Albihns was described in the report as "friendly". According to Albihns, it was doubtful whether the suspicions were justified.
There is also information that cabinet secretary Erik Boheman referred to them as fairy tales.
In the documents, which were therefore aimed at documenting the existence of German refugee capital in Sweden, there is no reasoning as to whether it was a question of patents that had originally been owned by Jews.
Albihns had found it correct that the number of German patent applications in Sweden had increased, from just under 1,500 in 1938 to just over 3,000 in 1944.
But Albihns had also pointed out that the total number of patent applications in Sweden had increased from approximately 7,000 in 1938 to over 10,000 1944.
According to Albihns, it has long been known that the number of inventions increases in wartime. Albihns also stated that German businessmen had lost several other markets that were customary for them. Furthermore, Albihns pointed out that the German patent office was not working as quickly and efficiently as usual,
Source
68
An example was found in the Refugee Agency's archives of a German Jew threatened with Aryanization handing over a patent to another German.
69 See for what follows in this section the US documents found under Commission dnr 44/98.
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While the Swedish was known for objectivity and for careful examination of whether inventions were really new. It was therefore close at hand to turn to the Swedish patent office first. Albihns also noted that Germany had expanded to include Austria and the Czech Republic as well. According to Albihns, it could not be ruled out that some patent applicants had the purpose of transferring capital flight, but Albihns saw no reason to suspect any methodical capital flight.
In another American report from March 1945, the issue of German companies trying to sell existing German patents to Swedish companies is dealt with. No Jewish connection is discussed here either.
The report is based on information that emerged in conversations with Albihns. According to Albihns, the members of the Swedish patent office organization would not participate in the sale of German patents to Swedish companies.
However, it could not be ruled out that some smaller patent office would undertake such a task. To find out if this was the case, it would be necessary to go through the Patent Office's archives, which would be very time-consuming. Albihns could therefore not undertake to carry out such an investigation.
The American documents and the related investigations from the Swedish patent agency Albihns thus do not at all deal with the question of whether the patents were owned by Jewish entrepreneurs.
Nor is it clear whether the patents were used for production.
The Commission has been in contact with Albihns (70), which still exists, to ascertain whether the agency may have any additional and more relevant information on these matters.
Albihns has announced that the investigative material is no longer preserved.
In summary, it must therefore be stated that the commission has not found any examples of Aryanized companies' intangible assets being protected in Sweden after Aryanization.
Source
70 H. Albihns Patentbyrå AB, Stockholm.
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5.7Purchase of securities from occupied territories
5.7.1 Securities were confiscated from Jews
The Commission has also taken an interest in transfers to Sweden of securities from Nazi-occupied areas; this to investigate whether such securities could be confiscated from Jews.
The German currency rules meant, as mentioned, i.a. that all citizens could be required to let the Reichsbank redeem foreign securities. The Aryanization of Jewish business life in Nazi Germany meant that such measures were especially applied against Jewish security holders, at least since the introduction of a special obligation for Jews to deposit their securities in a currency bank at the end of 1938.71 Similar rules were gradually introduced in the countries that was occupied by Nazi Germany.
The occupying power's confiscatory collection measures were thus aimed partly at the population in general, partly - and in particular - at the Jews. In the Netherlands, as will be seen in the following, a general obligation was introduced in August 1941 for all residents to redeem foreign securities - at least Swedish ones.
In the same month, it was decreed that all Jews were required to immediately deposit all their securities, etc. with Bankhaus Lippmann Rosenthal & Co in Amsterdam (the LIRO bank).(72) As a rule, they never had access to their papers again.
The persecutions that began ended with deportations to extermination camps. Approximately 75 percent of the Dutch Jews were murdered.
According to the Dutch historian Gerard Aalders, the German occupying power gave the banker Otto Rebholz the exclusive right to sell through his bank, the Rebholz Bank, the securities that the Jews had given to the LIRO bank.
Rebholz in turn had connections with the Otto Wolff company.
The Jews had to sign so-called bona fide declarations. Since the deportations had been carried out in mid-1942, declarations were written instead by the LIRO bank. Aalders has further pointed to the Allies' warning in early 1943 that they would demand the restitution of all property looted by the Germans in occupied countries, resulted in prices falling for securities that were "stolen". The risk that restitution would be required if Germany lost the war meant that these securities became cheaper than others.(73)
Both the Riksbank and Stockholms Enskilda Bank bought securities from the Netherlands in 1941 and the following years.
The question is, of course, whether these securities could have been ones that Jews were forced to deposit with the LIRO bank.
Before the commission reports what has emerged in this regard, something must be said about the importance of the Swedish currency regulation for securities trading.
Source
71 See above section 5.2.2.
72 Verordeningenblad voor het besette Nederlandsche gebied, Stuk 32, 9 August 1941 (Commission's 22/99). A second so-called LIRO regulation was issued on May 21, 1942. It entailed the obligation for all Jews to hand over to the LIRO bank art, gold, precious stones, etc. See also Hilberg p. 575. See also section 7.6.8 below regarding Swedish stocks in French hands.
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5.7.2 The Swedish currency regulation involved control of, among other things, securities trading (74)
At the time of the Second World War, Swedish currency policy was aimed at maintaining a sufficient and state-controlled reserve of means of payment within the country.
A currency regulation was introduced shortly after the outbreak of World War II. This limited the right to transfer means of payment, claims and securities across the Swedish border to all other countries, not only in relation to Germany where the clearing agreement meant that there was no need to transfer means of payment.
The purpose of the currency regulations was primarily to secure the possibility of using useful means of payment to finance imports of necessary goods to Sweden.(75)
Towards the end of the war, the risk of capital flight from abroad to Sweden increased, which was considered risky for the stability of the value of the Swedish krona. The currency regulation was then extended to also include inflows of capital.
Currency regulation was based on the Currency Act, which was adopted and entered into force in June 1939. (76) According to the Currency Act, the government (77) could in the event of war or threat of war or in other extraordinary circumstances due to
source:
73
Reply letter from Aalders to the Commission (commission no. 200/98).
74
See, in addition to the public print mentioned below, Kjell Rosenberg, Valutaregleringen: A comment to the currency law and the currency regulation, Stockholm 1955, Lemkin and Carlsson, pp. 111 ff.
75
From a memo dated 12 June 1940 by Deputy Riksbank Governor Ferdinand Wallberg regarding the activities of the Currency Office to date, Riksbank archive F1A:71 (also attached Sven Fritz, Report on repurchases etc. dnr 95/97), it appears that the currency regulation, despite statements that it would not act as a means of regulating foreign trade, actually came to be used to restrict imports of luxury goods after the occupation of Denmark and Norway.
76
SFS 1939:250, prop. 1939:290, SEK 1939:399.
77
Then "The King".
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War decree various kinds of restrictions on the flow of payments. This also happened formally through the currency regulation, which was issued and entered into force on 25 February 1940. (78)
Already in the months before that, the banks had voluntarily committed themselves to observe the corresponding regulations "with the aim of guarding the country's currency reserve and, as far as possible, countering attempts at capital flight which must have come into force after the outbreak of war."(79)
The introduction of currency regulation was considered a very invasive measure for Swedish business life. It was feared that it would be difficult to return to an unregulated currency market after the war. The law also continued to be valid into the 1980s.
Currency regulation gave a central role to the Currency Office, which was an independent authority under the government but administered within the Riksbank, which was and is under the control of the Riksdag.
source
78
SFS 1940:97, prop. 1940:78, rskr. 1940:60, later amendments SFS 1940:614, 1941:244 and 1944:693, prop. 1944:252, rskr. 1944:356, and SFS 1945:16.
79
P.G. Persson's report to the commission on banking ethics in Sweden during the years 1933-45, January 1999.
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Ivar Rooth also later made some memorial notes concerning the bond buybacks from the Netherlands.
He noted on 28 January 1943 that the Riksbank's representative had now processed an "English letter about German dispossession and gold and obl business with Holland".
By this must have been meant the declaration by the majority of the Allied states by which it was announced that they intended to restore after the war all the property that Nazi Germany had stolen from occupied countries and their inhabitants. On February 4 of the same year, Rooth noted that he had given the council information about German and Italian (it) gold deals and about bond deals with Holland. Finally, the affair is mentioned under the heading of the Cabinet Committee on February 20, 1945, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods Resolution No. 6 seems to have been dealt with.
The financial set up for the 3d reich project and the hijacking of the BIS including Italy and the Swedish archives.
"This article aims at explaining the Nazis IG Farben, the industrial engine behind the WW2, the prerequisite is that wallenberg is reforming the german banking system prior to the genocide and WW2" /Bombadil
Swedish archives continued
Sweden-Germany
Swedish imports from Germany were always more extensive than Swedish exports there. However, the balance of payments between the two countries was not only affected by trade in goods. Of great importance was the Swedish export of transport services and the financial relations.
Since the 1920s, large German loans were partly placed with Swedish banks and companies. Sweden found it increasingly difficult to get paid from Nazi Germany for these loans. Special agreements on payment of these and other German loans were therefore concluded between the countries at the same time as the system of clearing goods and service payments was introduced.
When Sweden and Nazi Germany negotiated trade agreements, these economic relations were also discussed. Despite the Swedish import surplus, a growing German debt to Sweden arose overall.
In the fall of 1940, part of the German Kreuger loan was redeemed.
The Germans paid partly in dollars and partly in gold. On the Swedish side, the Riksbank accepted the gold payment and then compensated the Swedish creditors in other ways.
The Commission sees nothing remarkable in itself that gold was accepted as payment in this context. Gold has traditionally been used as a means of payment between central banks.
The purpose of this deal was from the Swedish side to reduce a credit to Nazi Germany. Grounds for criticism from the commission could still exist if there were reasons to believe that the gold in question came from Jews. In light of what is known so far about the German Reichsbank's gold holdings and gold acquisitions, the gold received by the Riksbank in 1940 cannot possibly have contained such gold as was confiscated or looted from Jews and other particularly persecuted persons.
Warburg-Wallenberg-IG Farben (hidden ownership)
Stockholm's Enskilda Bank's side would divest shares in the German company IG Farben to finance the part-ownership.
On July 18, Stockholm's Enskilda Bank wrote to the Warburg Bank and requested information on whether the German authorities would in principle accept such a solution.
They didn't want to risk a rejection. At the same time, it was announced that the required IG Farben shares were available in Berlin.
Warburgs also contacted the Reichswirtschaftsministerium on the matter and then wrote on 10 August to Stockholm's Enskilda Bank that the purpose of that contact was to find out whether the misgivings about the financing proposal that had emerged remained.
According to Warburgs, this essential point had to be clarified before a corresponding application was made. Warburgs finally promised to get in touch when the probe yielded results.
Shortly afterwards, the Warburg Bank was arized in a different way. The management was taken over by Rudolf Brinckmann and Paul Wirtz.
They were considered to be Aryan, but were also both long-time relatives of the Warburg family.
On August 22, 1938, Erich Warburg wrote to Jacob Wallenberg to introduce the bank's new head, Rudolf Brinckmann, whom he called his long-time friend and colleague, as general representative of the firm.
Erich Warburg added that he hardly needed to tell Jacob Wallenberg how much the Warburgs would welcome if the long-standing friendly relations between Stockholm's Enskilda Bank and Warburgbanken could continue with the new firm and lead to increased business.
On September 6, 1938, Marcus Wallenberg noted in his work diary a visit from Erich Warburg: "Everything patted and ready for 7/9.
Had not yet decided what he was going to do in America...He didn't know if his father wanted to leave Germany, which he thought was stupid."
In September, the exchange of letters between the two banks resumed.
In a personal letter to Rolf Calissendorff at Stockholm's Enskilda Bank on September 26, Brinckmann asks if, despite the changed circumstances, the Swedish bank stood by its desire to join as a limited partner.
Brinckman expresses on the one hand that such a contribution would of course be appreciated and on the other hand that he naturally does not want to prejudge a decision from Stockholms Enskilda Bank. Calissendorff replies a couple of days later that, in light of the changed conditions, it was considered that the deal should be abandoned.
Bombadil notes that, that might be a very strange note above since the deal likely was done anyway.
Source: Krister Wahlbäck's report to the commission on Marcus Wallenberg's diary entries 1938-1943, January 1999.
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5.5.2 Offer regarding the ironworks in Witkowitz
In Witkowitz (Vitkovice) in Czechoslovakia there was a large ironworks, Witkowitzer Bergbau und Eisenhütten Gewerkschaft, which was mostly owned by the Jewish Rotschild family. The ironworks, which sourced part of its ore from Sweden, was located in the part of Czechoslovakia that remained under Czech sovereignty after the country's partition in Munich in September 1938.
In the summer of 1938, conditions were such that the owners considered selling. This became known to Björn Prytz, who was the Swedish minister in London. On 15 June 1938, he therefore wrote to Jacob Wallenberg.
According to the letter, the owner family had considered, among other possibilities, that a Swedish consortium might be interested, "even though investment in Czechoslovakia is not that attractive at the moment". If Jacob Wallenberg did not consider the matter to be of interest, he need not, it was further said, do anything about it. Otherwise a meeting in London was proposed.(61)
On January 28, 1939, Marcus Wallenberg made a diary entry from a conversation in Basel with R. Speich at the Schweizerischer Bankverein and M. Terestchenko at the Société Continentale de Valeurs Bancaires et Industrielles.
According to the note, Witkowitz had been discussed and Marcus Wallenberg then outlined a possible ownership distribution with two shares at Bankverein in Switzerland, one share at Stockholms Enskilda Bank in Sweden, one in Holland and one in Germany.
The work diary also shows that another meeting took place on March 7 of the same year. In addition to those mentioned above, the Czech Dr. Preiss, who represented the large and reputable Zinovstenka Bank in Prague. Marcus Wallenberg noted the following. Witkowitz spoke.
Preiss considers no political risk if the Germans came along. Thought they had 20%. If you have 25% of the shares, this entails certain rights in management and auditing that the Czechs do not want to give to the Germans." From a letter that Preiss wrote on February 17, 1939, it appears that he was anxious to avoid the Germans getting hold of the Jewish family's share of ownership.
On March 15, 1939, Germany occupied the entire Czech Republic. A week later, on March 22, Marcus Wallenberg notes the following. "Terestchenko called from London.
Asked me to call Preiss 'to pat him on the back'. I told him that the Witkowitz affair was doomed, as far as we were concerned. Refused to call Preiss.”(62)
Source
(61)
Paul A. Levine's Report to the Commission on Examination of Portions of Jacob Wallenberg's Correspondence, October 1997.
(62)
Krister Wahlbäck's report to the commission on Marcus Wallenberg's diary entries 1938-1943, January 1999.
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In a memorandum of May 10, 1939, Jacob Wallenberg noted that the day before he had called Director Rasche of the Dresdner Bank and informed him regarding the Witkowitz affair that "we had no interest in acquiring a minority stake in an indirect state-owned German company." At the same time, he explained that under certain circumstances one could possibly consider giving a loan of SEK 10 million.(63)
Marcus Wallenberg noted in a letter to Rasche in September 1939 that no response had been received to this credit commitment and that, under the current circumstances, this was interpreted as a sign that the large transaction had not been able to be carried out. The bank therefore now considered its commitment to be withdrawn, but for the sake of order wanted Rasche to obtain a confirmation of this from Witkowitz.(64)
5.5.3 Offer regarding a paper mill in Hungary
In September 1940, Jacob Wallenberg received a letter from Per Jacobsson, BIS65 Swedish economic adviser, who had recently been in Budapest. Jacobsson had met there with Philipp Weiss from Commercial Bank. Weiss had then presented a proposal that he thought could interest Swedish entrepreneurs. Racial laws had begun to be introduced in Hungary.
Although hardly any regulations had yet been directed against Jewish ownership, there was naturally a concern among the Jews that this would happen. They were, Jacobsson wrote, keen to bring about the expected legislation through wise measures. According to Jacobsson, Weiss had told about a thriving paper mill owned by Jews.
The question was whether a Swedish group of businessmen could conceivably be interested in taking over the dominant ownership interest in the mill. The transfer would be carried out with the aim of achieving Aryanisation.
The idea was that the shares would be sold with a return ticket (66), Weiss had said, but according to Jacobsson he had not given any further specification regarding the nature of the intended transaction.
If Jacob Wallenberg was interested in the matter, he should, according to Jacobsson, send someone to Budapest to speak with Weiss and the mill's management.(67)
The Commission has found no indication that any such action was taken.
Source:
63
Paul A. Levine's report to the commission on the examination of certain archival material attributable to the management of Stockholms Enskilda bank, July 1997.
64
Sven Fritz, Report on review of Jacob Wallenberg's and Marcus Wallenberg j:r's correspondence 1937-46 with preferably German-speaking correspondents (commission's dnr 95/97).
65
International settlement bank, Bank of International Settlements, in Basel.
66
What such an arrangement might have entailed is explained in the next section.
67
Paul A. Levine's Report to the Commission on Examination of Portions of Jacob Wallenberg's Correspondence, October 1997.
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PATENTS
"Woldemar von Knierem, and he was none other than the murdered Swedish PM Olof Palme's grandfather on the mothers side, as a board member of IG Farben, the company that financed and equipped Adolf Hitler's war machine.
Allegedly he hid away/saved 45.000 patents in neutral Swedens bureaucracy on the behalf of IG farben at the end of the war.
BTW Palme had a Rothschild mistress as a fun fact." /Bombadil
5.6 Ability to transfer intangible assets
Intellectual property rights such as patents and trademarks represent hidden, hard-to-calculate values.
They can be sold or leased at over or under value. One way to bring Jewish-owned assets to Sweden could be to transfer intellectual property rights or grant licenses regarding such rights to Swedish businessmen.
In the general discussion about Jewish assets, it has been claimed that this happened. The Commission has therefore considered how it could have happened.
Theoretically, one can imagine different approaches. It is conceivable, for example, that a Jewish businessman who was threatened by Aryanization sold intellectual property rights to a Swedish businessman, perhaps with a "return ticket" in such a way that they simultaneously agreed on the possibility for the Jewish businessman in question to later buy back the right.
Another possibility could be that the person who, as a result of Aryanization, had acquired a Jewish company after the takeover sought or renewed a Swedish patent or similar protection for intellectual property rights that existed in the company.
5.6.1 Already the threat of Aryanization may have prompted transfers
In cases such as the former, when a Jewish entrepreneur was threatened by Aryanization and therefore handed over his intangible assets to a Swedish businessman, it is conceivable that the Swedish businessman took advantage of the Jewish entrepreneur's predicament.
But it is also conceivable that his takeover was instead aimed at or even contributed to an intangible asset being preserved at its value during the war and then again made available to the Jewish entrepreneur. Of course, one also has to reckon with the possibility that such an initially benevolent purpose was gradually replaced by another, or that as a result of the death of the Jewish entrepreneur it was never fulfilled.
In the archives that have been examined, the Commission has not found any concrete examples of transactions of this kind with intellectual property rights. (68) This does not mean, of course, that one can draw the conclusion that such things did not occur in Swedish business life.
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5.6.2
Swedish protection may have been sought after Aryanisation
It cannot be ruled out that someone who, as a result of Aryanization, had acquired the intangible assets of a Jewish company received legal protection for them in Sweden.
Some American documents that have come to the commission deal on a more general level with German patent applications in Sweden during the war years.(69)
Although they are not said to refer to patents owned by Jews, the commission has chosen to examine them more closely. The possibility existed that they would also contain information that was of direct interest to the commission.
The following has emerged.
In the final stages of the war, suspicions arose that a greatly increased number of German patent applications in Sweden meant an attempt to prepare a methodical capital flight.
Expressen wrote an attention-grabbing article on the matter on January 29, 1945.
The American embassy in London reported in March on the matter and then cited a report made by Albihn's patent office in Stockholm.
Albihns was described in the report as "friendly". According to Albihns, it was doubtful whether the suspicions were justified.
There is also information that cabinet secretary Erik Boheman referred to them as fairy tales.
In the documents, which were therefore aimed at documenting the existence of German refugee capital in Sweden, there is no reasoning as to whether it was a question of patents that had originally been owned by Jews.
Albihns had found it correct that the number of German patent applications in Sweden had increased, from just under 1,500 in 1938 to just over 3,000 in 1944.
But Albihns had also pointed out that the total number of patent applications in Sweden had increased from approximately 7,000 in 1938 to over 10,000 1944.
According to Albihns, it has long been known that the number of inventions increases in wartime. Albihns also stated that German businessmen had lost several other markets that were customary for them. Furthermore, Albihns pointed out that the German patent office was not working as quickly and efficiently as usual,
Source
68
An example was found in the Refugee Agency's archives of a German Jew threatened with Aryanization handing over a patent to another German.
69 See for what follows in this section the US documents found under Commission dnr 44/98.
Business operations 201
While the Swedish was known for objectivity and for careful examination of whether inventions were really new. It was therefore close at hand to turn to the Swedish patent office first. Albihns also noted that Germany had expanded to include Austria and the Czech Republic as well. According to Albihns, it could not be ruled out that some patent applicants had the purpose of transferring capital flight, but Albihns saw no reason to suspect any methodical capital flight.
In another American report from March 1945, the issue of German companies trying to sell existing German patents to Swedish companies is dealt with. No Jewish connection is discussed here either.
The report is based on information that emerged in conversations with Albihns. According to Albihns, the members of the Swedish patent office organization would not participate in the sale of German patents to Swedish companies.
However, it could not be ruled out that some smaller patent office would undertake such a task. To find out if this was the case, it would be necessary to go through the Patent Office's archives, which would be very time-consuming. Albihns could therefore not undertake to carry out such an investigation.
The American documents and the related investigations from the Swedish patent agency Albihns thus do not at all deal with the question of whether the patents were owned by Jewish entrepreneurs.
Nor is it clear whether the patents were used for production.
The Commission has been in contact with Albihns (70), which still exists, to ascertain whether the agency may have any additional and more relevant information on these matters.
Albihns has announced that the investigative material is no longer preserved.
In summary, it must therefore be stated that the commission has not found any examples of Aryanized companies' intangible assets being protected in Sweden after Aryanization.
Source
70 H. Albihns Patentbyrå AB, Stockholm.
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5.7Purchase of securities from occupied territories
5.7.1 Securities were confiscated from Jews
The Commission has also taken an interest in transfers to Sweden of securities from Nazi-occupied areas; this to investigate whether such securities could be confiscated from Jews.
The German currency rules meant, as mentioned, i.a. that all citizens could be required to let the Reichsbank redeem foreign securities. The Aryanization of Jewish business life in Nazi Germany meant that such measures were especially applied against Jewish security holders, at least since the introduction of a special obligation for Jews to deposit their securities in a currency bank at the end of 1938.71 Similar rules were gradually introduced in the countries that was occupied by Nazi Germany.
The occupying power's confiscatory collection measures were thus aimed partly at the population in general, partly - and in particular - at the Jews. In the Netherlands, as will be seen in the following, a general obligation was introduced in August 1941 for all residents to redeem foreign securities - at least Swedish ones.
In the same month, it was decreed that all Jews were required to immediately deposit all their securities, etc. with Bankhaus Lippmann Rosenthal & Co in Amsterdam (the LIRO bank).(72) As a rule, they never had access to their papers again.
The persecutions that began ended with deportations to extermination camps. Approximately 75 percent of the Dutch Jews were murdered.
According to the Dutch historian Gerard Aalders, the German occupying power gave the banker Otto Rebholz the exclusive right to sell through his bank, the Rebholz Bank, the securities that the Jews had given to the LIRO bank.
Rebholz in turn had connections with the Otto Wolff company.
The Jews had to sign so-called bona fide declarations. Since the deportations had been carried out in mid-1942, declarations were written instead by the LIRO bank. Aalders has further pointed to the Allies' warning in early 1943 that they would demand the restitution of all property looted by the Germans in occupied countries, resulted in prices falling for securities that were "stolen". The risk that restitution would be required if Germany lost the war meant that these securities became cheaper than others.(73)
Both the Riksbank and Stockholms Enskilda Bank bought securities from the Netherlands in 1941 and the following years.
The question is, of course, whether these securities could have been ones that Jews were forced to deposit with the LIRO bank.
Before the commission reports what has emerged in this regard, something must be said about the importance of the Swedish currency regulation for securities trading.
Source
71 See above section 5.2.2.
72 Verordeningenblad voor het besette Nederlandsche gebied, Stuk 32, 9 August 1941 (Commission's 22/99). A second so-called LIRO regulation was issued on May 21, 1942. It entailed the obligation for all Jews to hand over to the LIRO bank art, gold, precious stones, etc. See also Hilberg p. 575. See also section 7.6.8 below regarding Swedish stocks in French hands.
ON 1999:20
Business operations 203
5.7.2 The Swedish currency regulation involved control of, among other things, securities trading (74)
At the time of the Second World War, Swedish currency policy was aimed at maintaining a sufficient and state-controlled reserve of means of payment within the country.
A currency regulation was introduced shortly after the outbreak of World War II. This limited the right to transfer means of payment, claims and securities across the Swedish border to all other countries, not only in relation to Germany where the clearing agreement meant that there was no need to transfer means of payment.
The purpose of the currency regulations was primarily to secure the possibility of using useful means of payment to finance imports of necessary goods to Sweden.(75)
Towards the end of the war, the risk of capital flight from abroad to Sweden increased, which was considered risky for the stability of the value of the Swedish krona. The currency regulation was then extended to also include inflows of capital.
Currency regulation was based on the Currency Act, which was adopted and entered into force in June 1939. (76) According to the Currency Act, the government (77) could in the event of war or threat of war or in other extraordinary circumstances due to
source:
73
Reply letter from Aalders to the Commission (commission no. 200/98).
74
See, in addition to the public print mentioned below, Kjell Rosenberg, Valutaregleringen: A comment to the currency law and the currency regulation, Stockholm 1955, Lemkin and Carlsson, pp. 111 ff.
75
From a memo dated 12 June 1940 by Deputy Riksbank Governor Ferdinand Wallberg regarding the activities of the Currency Office to date, Riksbank archive F1A:71 (also attached Sven Fritz, Report on repurchases etc. dnr 95/97), it appears that the currency regulation, despite statements that it would not act as a means of regulating foreign trade, actually came to be used to restrict imports of luxury goods after the occupation of Denmark and Norway.
76
SFS 1939:250, prop. 1939:290, SEK 1939:399.
77
Then "The King".
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War decree various kinds of restrictions on the flow of payments. This also happened formally through the currency regulation, which was issued and entered into force on 25 February 1940. (78)
Already in the months before that, the banks had voluntarily committed themselves to observe the corresponding regulations "with the aim of guarding the country's currency reserve and, as far as possible, countering attempts at capital flight which must have come into force after the outbreak of war."(79)
The introduction of currency regulation was considered a very invasive measure for Swedish business life. It was feared that it would be difficult to return to an unregulated currency market after the war. The law also continued to be valid into the 1980s.
Currency regulation gave a central role to the Currency Office, which was an independent authority under the government but administered within the Riksbank, which was and is under the control of the Riksdag.
source
78
SFS 1940:97, prop. 1940:78, rskr. 1940:60, later amendments SFS 1940:614, 1941:244 and 1944:693, prop. 1944:252, rskr. 1944:356, and SFS 1945:16.
79
P.G. Persson's report to the commission on banking ethics in Sweden during the years 1933-45, January 1999.
ON 1999:20
Business operations 209
Ivar Rooth also later made some memorial notes concerning the bond buybacks from the Netherlands.
He noted on 28 January 1943 that the Riksbank's representative had now processed an "English letter about German dispossession and gold and obl business with Holland".
By this must have been meant the declaration by the majority of the Allied states by which it was announced that they intended to restore after the war all the property that Nazi Germany had stolen from occupied countries and their inhabitants. On February 4 of the same year, Rooth noted that he had given the council information about German and Italian (it) gold deals and about bond deals with Holland. Finally, the affair is mentioned under the heading of the Cabinet Committee on February 20, 1945, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods Resolution No. 6 seems to have been dealt with.
And the build up through the story of Wallenberg, Von Rosen and Göring.
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