"Kristallnacht" - The Night of Broken Glass 1/n After his family was deported across the German border to Poland, 17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan shot German diplomat Ernst vom Rath on November 7, 1938. Days later, the Nazi regime used vom Rath’s death as the justification for
2/n Kristallnacht or "The Night of Broken Glass."
Among those deported on October 27 in Hanover, Germany was the family of Sendel Grynszpan. Grynszpan described police coming to their home on October 27, demanding that they go to the nearest precinct with their Polish passports.
3/n On Saturday October 29, the Grynszpan family arrived in Zbąszyń, confused and scared. On October 31, Sendel Grynszpan's daughter Berta was able to send a postcard to her brother Herschel Grynszpan in Paris. The post card, which detailed the cruelty and tragedy of the family's
4/n forced relocation reached Grynszpan.
Horrified and distressed by the plight of his family and thousands of Polish Jews, Grynszpan took it upon himself to enact revenge. Purchasing a pistol, he went to the German Embassy in Paris on November 7.
5/n There he shot and ultimately killed First Secretary of the Reich Ernst vom Rath. The assassination of vom Rath stunned the Nazi regime. On November 9 & 10 Jewish businesses, properties, synagogues were destroyed, burned, and looted across the Reich,
Ernst vom Rath
6/n with the assassination used as a pretext. This event, known as as "Kristallnacht" is often seen as a key moment of significance in the formulation of the Holocaust.
7/7 “I have to protest in a way that the whole world hears my protest,” Sendel wrote to his parents in a confessional postcard that he was unable to mail before his arrest, “and this I intend to do.”
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November 8 1939, GEORG ELSER, a German carpenter, almost changed the course of history.
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As early as 1938, the carpenter Georg Elser decided to kill the leading National Socialists—Hitler, Göring, and Goebbels. He hoped this act would prevent the
impending war. Knowing that Hitler regularly gave a speech in the Munich Bürgerbräukeller on November 8 to mark the anniversary of his attempted putsch in 1923, Elser gained access to the venue and found that the hall was not guarded. He systematically prepared his assassination
attempt, constructing a detonator mechanism and obtaining explosives. In the summer of 1939, Elser spent several weeks preparing a supporting pillar in the event hall to conceal the explosive device.
On November 8, 1939, Hitler left the assembly room unexpectedly only minutes
1/n Following the mass murder of the Jews of Minsk #OTD, 7 November 1941, Shalom Zorin, born in Minsk, escaped from the ghetto to the adjacent Kvidnov Forest. There, Zorin joined a partisan unit under the
Photo: Shalomon Zorin
2/n command of his Belorussian friend, Genzenko Semion. Together, they established a Jewish partisan unit made up of escapees from the Minsk ghetto.
As well as fighters, Zorin welcomed individuals and families seeking refuge in the forest. Contact with the ghetto was maintained
3/n via 11-15 year old boys and girls, who also led large groups of ghetto escapees to the forests. Hinda Tasman-Nachmachik was 14 years old when she escaped from the Minsk ghetto and joined Zorin's group. She went on four missions to bring Jews from
November 9, 1939
"Sonderaktion Krakau" 1/n The 'Sonderaktion Krakau' was a German operation to seize members of the Polish intelligentsia teaching at universities in the city of Kraków.
2/n The representative of the German occupation authorities, SS man Bruno Müller, commanded Jagiellonian University Rector, Professor Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński to convene a meeting of all the university’s lecturers at the administrative center building in the Collegium Novum.
3/n The meeting of 6 November 1939 turned out to be a trap – after a few-minute speech by Müller, in which he stated that the university had always been the “source of anti-German attitudes”, the professors were arrested.
The #Righteous amongst us 1/n Alphonse and Emilie Gonsette and their son Émile, from Gosselies north of Charleroi, are members of the Belgian resistance network MNB. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1942 with seven other students, Émile was shot dead in Charleroi.
2/n Although their home was under constant Gestapo surveillance, when Mademoiselle Dessent, a member of the Resistance, contacted them in 1943 to ask them to take in a two-year-old Jewish child whose mother had been arrested, they did not hesitate not for a moment.
3/n The young Simon Weissblum is a weak child, who will have to undergo two operations during the war during his stay with the Gonsettes. The surgeon who operated on him, Doctor Perçoit, refused to be paid when he learned that the child was Jewish and kept him in the hospital for
#OTD, November 1, 1941, BELZEC labor camp was transformed into an extermination camp, with gruesome consequences 1/n The deported Jews first came into contact with the SS after being delivered to the arrival area. They were stunned and scared. Anyone who showed annoyance or
2/n protested was taken by the guards to the execution site in Camp II, where they were shot in the neck with a small caliber pistol. The SS tried to calm the deportees with words.
Camp commander Christian Wirth welcomed the new arrivals through a loudspeaker saying:
3/n “This is Belzec. Your stay here is temporary, you will be transferred to labor camps where your skills are needed. There is work for everyone. Even you housewives are needed to feed your families and keep your houses clean. First, I must request your cooperation so that we
Julie Wolfthorn 1864 – 1944
Modernist German painter and graphic artist 1/n
2/n “I often have the feeling that it is not I who am painting, but rather someone else inside me, so that I sometimes stand before my own work in awe. Those are the happiest moments of the creative process.
3/n Don't forget us!”
When we look back at Julie Wolfthorn’s life, we see an artist of great distinction, yet without reputation. On the one hand, the fact that Wolfthorn fell into obscurity is due to the long-standing, systematic disregard of women artists by art historians.