Thread by @DavidCranmerUn1

Regina Peruggi - Wikipedia

In 1974 Regina Peruggi joined York College of The City University of New York, then moved to Washington, D.C., with Rudy Giuliani and worked as a coordinator at the Psychiatric Institute of Washington. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Pe…

The Psychiatric Institute of America's hospitals are owned by psychiatrists who hold stock either in the individual hospitals, in the Washington-based parent corporation or both. PI of Washington, the first hospital in the chain, was founded in 1967 by six psychiatrists at

George Washington University.

Dr. Jesse Gallant Rubin arrived in Washington in 1963 and joined a group of psychiatrists who a few years later formed Psychiatric Institutes of America.

Dr. Rubin helped establish the Psychiatric Institute Foundation.

Jeffery Lieberman graduated

from Miami University in 1970, and then received his medical degree from the George Washington School of Medicine in 1975.

Lieberman was principal investigator for CATIE, the largest and longest independent study ever funded by the United States National Institute of Mental

Health to examine existing pharmacotherapies for schizophrenia.

He was president of the American Psychiatric Association from May 2013 to May 2014.

At a meeting in 1844 in Philadelphia, thirteen superintendents and organizers of insane asylums and hospitals formed the

Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII). The group included Thomas Kirkbride, creator of the asylum model which was used throughout the United States.

The present seal is a round medallion with a purported likeness of

Benjamin Rush's profile and 13 stars over his head to represent the 13 founders of the organization. The outer ring contains the words "American Psychiatric Association 1844." Rush's name and an MD are below the picture.

Dickinson College is a private liberal arts college in

Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1773 as Carlisle Grammar School, Dickinson was chartered on September 9, 1783, making it the first college to be founded after the formation of the United States. Dickinson was founded by Benjamin Rush, a Founding Father and signer of the

Declaration of Independence. The college is named in honor of John Dickinson, a Founding Father who voted to ratify the Constitution and later served as governor of Pennsylvania, and his wife Mary Norris Dickinson.

John Dickinson was born at Alabama, his family's tobacco

plantation near the village of Trappe in Talbot County, Province of Maryland.

John S. D. Eisenhower died at Trappe, Maryland, on December 21, 2013.

During his father's presidency, John Eisenhower served as Assistant Staff Secretary in the White House, on the Army's

General Staff, and in the White House as assistant to General Andrew Goodpaster.

Goodpaster was a fellow at the Eisenhower Institute, and the Institute for Defense Analyses in Washington. He served on American Security Council and founded the Committee on the Present Danger.

The Committee on Present Danger first met in 1950, founded by Tracy Voorhees, to promote the plans proposed in NSC 68 by Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson.

On 12 December 1950, James Conant, Tracy Voorhees and Vannevar Bush announced the creation of the committee on the

Present Danger.

James Conant went to the Camp American University, where he worked on the development of poison gases. Initially, his work concentrated on mustard gas, but in May 1918, Conant took charge of a unit concerned with the development of lewisite. He was promoted to

major on July 20, 1918. A pilot plant was built, and then a full-scale production plant in Cleveland, but the war ended before lewisite could be used in battle.

Conant ran a series of experiments with electrochemical oxidation and reduction, following Fritz Haber.

The NSC 68 document is critical to understanding the Cold War with its effect on similar national security pronouncements such as President George W. Bush's announcement of a "War on Terror" in September 2001 and the National Security Strategy document of 2002.

In May 1996 the

group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by Osama bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the

year.

In 1983, Marc Rich and partner Pincus Green were indicted on 65 criminal counts, including income tax evasion, wire fraud, racketeering, and trading with Iran during the oil embargo (at a time when Iranian revolutionaries were still holding American citizens hostage).

The charges would have led to a sentence of more than 300 years in prison had Marc Rich been convicted on all counts.

The indictment was filed by then-U.S. Federal Prosecutor (and future mayor of New York City) Rudolph Giuliani.

Mayor Giuliani appointed an outsider, William Bratton, as New York City's new police commissioner. In an effort to reform the police department's administration and policing practices, they applied the broken windows theory.

The original commanding officer of the Transit Police

Crime Analysis Unit was Lieutenant Richard Vasconi. Chief of New York City Transit Police William J. Bratton was later appointed police commissioner by Rudolph Giuliani, and he brought Jack Maple's Charts of the Future with him. Maple eventually made the NYPD adopt it after it

was rebranded as CompStat.

In the CBS TV series The District, inspired by the real-life experience of former New York Deputy Police Commissioner Jack Maple, statistics clerk Ella Mae Farmer.

Jack Maple himself chose to publish his experiences—along with Chris Mitchell he wrote

a book (The Crime Fighter, 2000), and along with Terry George he prepared a TV series concept.

In 1986, Terry George researched the non-fiction book The Pizza Connection, with the late veteran American journalist Shana Alexander.

Shana Alexander was born Shana Ager on

October 6, 1925, in New York City, the daughter of columnist Cecelia Ager (née Rubenstein) and Tin Pan Alley composer Milton Ager, who composed the song "Happy Days Are Here Again".

Shana Alexander was best known for her participation in the "Point-Counterpoint" debate segments

of 60 Minutes, in the late 1970s, with conservative James J. Kilpatrick.

The debates between Kilpatrick and Alexander were such a feature of contemporary American culture that they were satirized on Saturday Night Live, with Dan Aykroyd's version of

Kilpatrick ("Jane, you ignorant slut!") taking on Jane Curtin ("Dan, you pompous ass!") on "Weekend Update".[

The comedy film Airplane! also parodies "Point-Counterpoint", as the Kilpatrick stand-in (played by William Tregoe) shows a lack of concern for the passengers on the

stricken airliner: "Shana, they bought their tickets. They knew what they were getting into. I say, let 'em crash!"

The Pizza Connection Trial (in full, United States v. Badalamenti et al.) was a criminal trial against the Sicilian and American mafias that took place before the

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in New York City, U.S. The trial centered on a number of independently owned pizza parlor fronts used to distribute drugs, which had imported US$1.65 billion of heroin from Southwest Asia to the United States

between 1975 and 1984.

For about a year, the prosecution, consisting of Richard A. Martin, Louis J. Freeh, Robert Stewart, Robert B. Bucknam and Andrew C. McCarthy, gathered hundreds of witnesses, wiretaps, and thousands of documents, which cost several million dollars to

complete.

In 2009, Louis Freeh was hired by Saudi Arabian Prince Bandar bin Sultan as his legal representative on issues surrounding the Al-Yamamah arms deal.

In 1987, Steven Hoffenberg met Jeffrey Epstein through a British defense contractor named Douglas Leese (died 2011),

who Hoffenberg claimed was an arms dealer.

Leese was, with Saudi Adnan Khashoggi and Prince Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud, architect in the billion dollar Al-Yamamah arms deal, Britain's biggest arms deal ever concluded – earning the prime contractor, BAE Systems, at least

£43 billion in revenue between 1985 and 2007.

British Aerospace bought Marconi Electronic Systems for £7.7 billion on 30 November 1999 and merged with it to form BAE Systems

In 1929, Guglielmo Marconi was ennobled as a Marchese (marquis) by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy,

and, in 1931, he set up Vatican Radio for Pope Pius XI.

Marconi was born into the Italian nobility as Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi in Palazzo Marescalchi in Bologna on 25 April 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi (an Italian aristocratic landowner from Porretta Terme)

and his Irish wife Annie Jameson (daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in County Wexford, Ireland, and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons).

John Jameson (1740 – 1823) was originally a lawyer from Alloa in Scotland before he founded

his eponymous distillery in Dublin in 1780. Previous to founding the distillery, he married Margaret Haig (1753–1815) in 1768. She was the eldest daughter of John Haig, a whisky distiller in Scotland.

John Haig & Co. was subsequently merged into the Distillers Company

Limited (DCL) in 1877.

DCL combined with John Walker & Son and Buchanan-Dewar in 1925 and was then acquired by Guinness in 1986, which put it into its United Distillers subsidiary in 1987.

At the start of the Franklin Roosevelt administration in March 1933,

Joesph P. Kennedy Sr. and future Congressman James Roosevelt II founded Somerset Importers, a business entity that acted as the exclusive American agent for Haig & Haig Scotch, Gordon's Dry Gin and Dewar's Scotch. Kennedy kept his Somerset company for years.

In addition, Kennedy

purchased spirits-importation rights from Schenley Industries.

Schenley Products Company was organized in the 1920s by Lewis Rosenstiel. Schenley Industries bought numerous distillers, including one in Schenley, Pennsylvania, and acquired a license to produce medicinal

whisky. (The United States government had authorized six companies to produce medicinal spirits. The others were: Brown-Forman, Frankfort Distilleries, the A. Ph. Stitzel Distillery, the American Medicinal Spirits Company, and James Thompson and Brother.)

In 1933, when

Prohibition ended, Schenley Distillers Company was formed as a publicly owned company. It was the largest liquor company in the United States during 1934–1937.

The name was changed to Schenley Industries in 1949. It was one of the "Big Four", which dominated liquor sales, and

included Seagram, National Distillers and Hiram Walker.

When Owen D. Young of General Electric arranged the purchase of American Marconi and reorganized it as the Radio Corporation of America, a radio patent monopoly, David Sarnoff realized his dream and revived his proposal in

a lengthy memo on the company's business and prospects.

David Abramovich Sarnov is often inaccurately referred to as the founder of both RCA and NBC, but he was in fact founder of only NBC.

RKO Radio Pictures Inc., commonly known as RKO Pictures or simply RKO, was an American

film production and distribution company, one of the "Big Five" film studios of Hollywood's Golden Age. The business was formed after the Keith-Albee-Orpheum theater chain and Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Offices of America studio were brought together under the control of

the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in October 1928. RCA executive David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the company's sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone, and in early 1929 production began under the RKO name (an abbreviation of Radio-Keith-Orpheum).

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) was created by Montagu Norman in the context of the Young Plan, on the initiative of a group of American bankers including Owen D. Young, J. P. Morgan Jr., Thomas W. Lamont, S. Parker Gilbert, and Jackson Reynolds, with further

elaboration in the spring of 1929 by Owen Young with input from Shepard Morgan, Warren Randolph Burgess, Walter W. Stewart as well as Belgian official Émile Francqui and German central banker Hjalmar Schacht.

In the war's immediate aftermath, Dutch central banker

Gerard Vissering advocated an international currency without reliance of a common gold pool.

Gerard Vissering (1 March 1865 – 19 December 1937) was the president of De Nederlandsche Bank from 1912 till 1931.

De Nederlandsche Bank was originally founded by

King William I, and has been since transformed into a state-owned public limited company (Dutch: naamloze vennootschap, abbreviated NV).

William was the son of William V, Prince of Orange, the last stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, and Wilhelmina of Prussia.

William's disapproval of changes to the constitution, the loss of Belgium and his intention to marry Henrietta d'Oultremont, a Roman Catholic, led to his decision to abdicate in 1840. His eldest son acceded to the throne as King William II.

William II was married to

Anna Pavlovna of Russia. They had four sons and one daughter. William II died on 17 March 1849 and was succeeded by his son William III.

William III married his cousin Sophie of Württemberg in 1839 and they had three sons, William, Maurice, and Alexander, all of whom

predeceased him.

After Sophie's death in 1877 he married Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1879 and they had one daughter Wilhelmina, who succeeded William to the Dutch throne.

Emma’s sister, Princess Helena, was the wife of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and a son of

Queen Victoria.

During labour, Queen Victoria chose to use chloroform and thereby encouraged the use of anesthesia in childbirth, recently developed by Professor James Young Simpson. The chloroform was administered by John Snow.

As a son of the British sovereign, the newborn

was styled His Royal Highness The Prince Leopold at birth. His parents named him Leopold after their common uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium.

John Snow is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera

outbreak in London's Soho, which he identified as a particular public water pump.

In 1832, during his time as a surgeon-apothecary apprentice, John Snow encountered a cholera epidemic for the first time in Killingworth, a coal-mining village.

Killingworth was home to a number

of pits including the world-famous Killingworth Colliery owned by Thomas Henry Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth.

His younger brother Henry Liddell, Rector of Easington (1787–1872), was the father of a younger Henry Liddell, co-author (with Robert Scott) of the monumental work

A Greek-English Lexicon, and father of the Alice who inspired Alice in Wonderland.

Alice Pleasance Hargreaves (née Liddell, 4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was an English woman who, in her childhood, was an acquaintance and photography subject of Lewis Carroll.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll.

In May 1644 John Underhill took up residence in New Amsterdam. His plot of land at the southern end of the island was later developed as the site of Trinity Church in

Manhattan.

Fearing an attack by troops led by John Underhill, Peter Stuyvesant ordered that a high stockade and a small breastwork be constructed across the northern border of New Amsterdam. Thus Wall Street was built.

John Underhill eventually retired to a large

estate (Kenilworth or Killingworth) at Oyster Bay on Long Island.

John Underhill was one of three children of John Underhill (1574–1608) and Leonora Honor Pawley. His great-grandfather Sir Hugh Underhill was Keeper of the Wardrobe for Queen Elizabeth at Greenwich, and his

grandfather Thomas Underhill held the same position at Kenilworth Castle for Elizabeth's favorite, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester.

Kenilworth Castle formed a base for Lancastrian operations in the Wars of the Roses. Kenilworth was the scene of the removal of Edward II.

The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer, known as Edward II, is a Renaissance or early modern period play written by Christopher Marlowe.

If Christopher Marlowe was Arbella Stuart's tutor, it

might indicate that he was there as a spy, since Arbella, niece of Mary, Queen of Scots, and cousin of James VI of Scotland, later James I of England, was at the time a strong candidate for the succession to Elizabeth's throne.

A warrant for Marlowe's arrest was issued on

18 May 1593, when the Privy Council apparently knew that he might be found staying with Thomas Walsingham, whose father was a first cousin of the late Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's principal secretary in the 1580s and a man more deeply involved in state espionage than any

other member of the Privy Council.

An argument has arisen about the notion that Marlowe faked his death and then continued to write under the assumed name of William Shakespeare.

At his death in 1570, William Underhill left New Place to his son, William Underhill II (d.1597),

who in 1597 sold it to William Shakespeare for £60. He (William Underhill II) died two months later, and it emerged that he had been poisoned by his eldest son and heir, Fulke Underhill. According to some sources, Fulke Underhill died in May 1598 while still a minor and before

the fact that he had murdered his father was discovered.

The Shakespearean authorship thesis, a fringe theory which was first proposed in the mid-19th century, contends that Francis Bacon wrote at least some and possibly all of the plays conventionally attributed to

William Shakespeare.

At the age of 45, Francis Bacon married Alice Barnham, the 13-year-old daughter of a well-connected London alderman and MP.

Bacon disinherited her upon discovering her secret romantic relationship with Sir John Underhill.

John Underhill would go on to

marry the Alice Barnham, Viscountess of St. Alban, the recent widow of Sir Francis Bacon, on April 10, 1626.

Thomas Underdown, also spelled Underdowne (fl. 1566 - 1577), was a translator. He translated the Æthiopian History of Heliodorus in 1569, and the Ibis of Ovid (1577).

In the 'hill' context, the word 'down' derives from Celtic (Gaelic or Welsh) dun "hill, hill fort".

The first (1569) edition of Thomas Underdown's translation was dedicated to Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.

Edward de Vere was the only son of John de Vere,

16th Earl of Oxford, and Margery Golding. After the death of his father in 1562, he became a ward of Queen Elizabeth I and was sent to live in the household of her principal advisor, Sir William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley. He married Cecil's daughter, Anne, with whom he had five

children.

In 1587, Cecil persuaded the Queen Elizabeth to order the execution of the Roman Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, after she was implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

Mildred Cecil, Baroness Burghley (née Cooke; 1526 – 4 April 1589) was an English noblewoman

and translator. She was the wife of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, the most trusted adviser of Elizabeth I, and the mother of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, adviser to James I.

Her sister Anne Cooke married Sir Nicholas Bacon, Queen Elizabeth's Keeper of the

Great Seal, in February 1553. They had two sons, Anthony and Francis Bacon, the latter later becoming a philosopher and a pioneer of the scientific revolution.

Thomas Underdown dedicated his translation of the Æthiopian History of Heliodorus to Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of

Oxford, praising his 'haughty courage', 'great skill' and 'sufficiency of learning'.

In the winter of 1570, Oxford made the acquaintance of the mathematician and astrologer John Dee and became interested in occultism, studying magic and conjuring.

As a political advisor,

John Dee advocated the foundation of English colonies in the New World to form a "British Empire", a term he is credited with coining.

John Dee was born in Tower Ward, London, to Rowland Dee, of Welsh descent, and Johanna, daughter of William Wild. His surname "Dee" reflects

the Welsh du (black).

Dee was arrested and charged with the crime of "calculating", because he had cast horoscopes of Queen Mary Tudor and Princess Elizabeth. The charges were raised to treason against Bloody Mary.

Known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her

Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain as the wife of King Philip II from January 1556 until her death in 1558.

The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip II inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and

succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis.

Jakob Fucker financed the rise of Maximilian I and made considerable contributions to secure the election of the Spanish king Charles I to become Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Jakob Fugger also funded the

marriages which later resulted in the House of Habsburg gaining the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary.

Much later the Fugger family lost a large portion of their wealth following three Spanish state bankruptcies (1557, 1560, 1575) under the reign of Philip II of Spain.

The Fugger family were the first German trading house in a direct business relationship with the Roman Curia.

In the year 1500, Jakob Fugger loaned the Vatican the money necessary to build the new St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, as well as other buildings within the

Vatican. To repay Jakob the massive amount of money owed, Pope Leo X had to heavily tax the German people as well as sell indulgences, which was heavily unpopular with a large group of monks, including Martin Luther. Partly because of the corruption within the church,

Martin Luther was prompted to write his Ninety-five Theses.

Charles V's sack of Rome (1527) and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from annulling the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles V's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry VIII

eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the English Reformation.

By 1526, Henry VIII was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter Bloody Mary as heir presumptive at a time when there

was no established precedent for a woman on the throne.

Baker's Cross on the eastern edge of the Cranbrook, Kent is linked to John Baker, Chancellor of the Exchequer under Queen Mary, a Catholic.

Legend holds that he was riding on his way to Cranbrook in order to have two local

Protestants executed, when he turned back after the news reached him that Queen Mary was dead.

The name "Cranbrook" was chosen since Cranbrook, England was the birthplace of George Booth's father. Kingswood School Cranbrook (for girls), also designed by Saarinen, opened in 1931.

Lee Lawrie worked after 1914 with Bertram Goodhue's independent practice on: the Los Angeles Public Library, the Nebraska State Capitol, the Rockefeller Chapel at the University of Chicago, the National Academy of Sciences Building in Washington, D.C., and the

Christ Church Cranbrook completed after Goodhue's death at the Cranbrook Schools in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.

Lee Lawrie's Atlas in Rockefeller Center on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opposite St. Patrick's Cathedral.

The Rockefeller Chapel contains the

Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Carillon and tower, a separate gift from John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1932 in honor of his mother. This 72-bell carillon is the second-largest carillon in the world by mass, after the carillon at Riverside Church on the Upper West Side of New

York City, which Rockefeller Jr. also donated in honor of his mother.

Riverside Church was conceived by philanthropist businessman and Baptist John D. Rockefeller Jr. in conjunction with Baptist minister Harry Emerson Fosdick.

The national convention of the General Assembly of the old Presbyterian Church in the USA in 1923 charged Harry “Hairy Dick” Fosdick local presbytery in New York to conduct an investigation into his views. A commission began an investigation, as required. His defense was

conducted by a lay elder, John Foster Dulles.

As a partner in Sullivan & Cromwell, John Foster Dulles expanded upon his late grandfather John Watson Foster's expertise, specializing in international finance. He played a major role in designing the Dawes Plan.

His paternal grandfather, John Welsh Dulles, had been a Presbyterian missionary in India. His maternal grandfather, John Watson Foster, had been Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison, and doted on Dulles and his brother Allen Dulles, who would later become the director of

the Central Intelligence Agency. The brothers attended public schools in Watertown, New York and spent summers with their maternal grandfather in nearby Henderson Harbor.

John Watson Foster was born on March 2, 1836, in Petersburg, Indiana, and raised in Evansville, Indiana.

John Watson Foster was the son of Matthew Watson Foster, an Indiana farmer,merchant, and judge, and the former Eleanor Johnson. He graduated from the fledgling Indiana University in 1855.

The first professor was Baynard Rush Hall, a Presbyterian minister who taught all of the

classes in 1825–27.

Between 1827 and 1829, Indiana University changed substantially, starting with the hiring of Kentucky resident John Hopkins Harney to teach the natural sciences and mathematics. The state legislature changed the name from "Indiana State Seminary" to

"Indiana College" in 1828, and one year later it hired Andrew Wylie of Washington College in Pennsylvania to be the first president.

In 1837 he recruited his half-cousin Theophilus Adam Wylie to Indiana College to teach mathematics, natural philosophy and chemistry.

Wylie’s Bloomington, Indiana home, is preserved as the Wylie House Museum by Indiana University and is administered by the IU Libraries.

in 1876 Theophilus Adam Wylie installed the first telephone in state of Indiana, built from plans sent to him from a professor at the

University of Pennsylvania, that ran between the house and a college laboratory.

In 1947 Herman B Wells, then president of Indiana University, helped the university acquire the house from Dr. Hershey's widow, who continued to live there until 1951. Between 1951 and 1959 the

house was home to Indiana University Press.

Reid Hoffman’s paternal great-great-great-grandfather was Theophilus Adam Wylie, a Christian Presbyterian minister and Indiana University president pro tempore.

In September of 2023, the Wall Street Journal reported that Hoffman

visited Jeffrey Epstein's private island for a weekend in 2014. Hoffman said that the purpose of the meeting was to raise funds for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and that he regretted interacting with Epstein.

In July 2016, Hoffman funded the $250,000 cash-prize

(equivalent to $279,900 in 2021) MIT Media Lab MIT Disobedience Award, an award created by Hoffman and Joi Ito to honor and recognize acts of disobedience resulting in positive social impact.

The media lab was founded in 1985 by Nicholas Negroponte and former MIT President

Jerome Wiesner.

Nicholas Negroponte has three brothers. His elder one, John Negroponte, is the former United States Deputy Secretary of State. Michel Negroponte is an Emmy Award-winning filmmaker.

John Negroponte was the first ever Director of National Intelligence (2005–2007).

John Negroponte was a member of Fence Club (Psi Upsilon fraternity), alongside William H. T. Bush, the brother of President George H. W. Bush, and Porter Goss, who served as Director of Central Intelligence and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency under Negroponte from

2005 to 2006.

On the morning of September 11, 2001, Porter Goss and Bob Graham were having breakfast with Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) General Mahmud Ahmed.

Ahmad's network had ties to Osama bin Laden and directly funded, supported, and trained the Taliban.

Congress established the Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, a joint inquiry of the two intelligence committees, led by Bob Graham and Porter Goss.

Republican Senator Richard C. Shelby and

Democratic Representative Nancy Pelosi, led the joint inquiry.

Richard Shelby was one of the more conservative Democrats in Congress, and a member of the boll weevils, a group of moderate to conservative-leaning Democrats who often worked with President Ronald Reagan on

defense issues.

Boll weevils included Democratic House members as conservative as Georgia's Larry McDonald, who was also a leader in the John Birch Society.

In 1979, with John Rees and Major General John K. Singlaub, McDonald founded the Western Goals Foundation.

In 1979, Roy Cohn became a member of the Western Goals Foundation; he served on the board of directors with Edward Teller.

Reid Hoffman was the co-founder and executive chairman of LinkedIn, a business-oriented social network used primarily for professional networking. He is

currently a partner at the venture capital firm Greylock Partners and a co-founder of Inflection AI.

Peter Thiel, a colleague of Hoffman's at PayPal, invested in LinkedIn.

Reid Hoffman was a founding investor in the artificial intelligence research company OpenAI.

OpenAI was founded in December 2015 by Ilya Sutskever, Greg Brockman, Trevor Blackwell, Vicki Cheung, Andrej Karpathy, Durk Kingma, Jessica Livingston, John Schulman, Pamela Vagata, and Wojciech Zaremba, with Sam Altman and Elon Musk serving as the initial board members.

OpenAI is headquartered at the Pioneer Building in Mission District, San Francisco.

The Pioneer Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, as "Pioneer Trunk Factory--C. A. Malm & Co."

The Pioneer Building previously housed the office of Stripe.

As of 2020, The Pioneer Building houses the offices of OpenAI and Neuralink.

Greylock Partners was founded in 1965 in Cambridge, Massachusetts by Bill Elfers and Dan Gregory, joined shortly thereafter by Charlie Waite. Elfers and Waite had both worked at

American Research and Development Corporation.

American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC) was a venture capital and private equity firm founded in 1946 by Georges Doriot, Ralph Flanders, Merrill Griswold, and Karl Compton.

ARDC is credited with the first major

venture capital success story when its 1957 investment of $70,000 in equity ("70% of the company") and approximately $2 million in loans in Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson were two engineers who had been working at MIT Lincoln Laboratory on the

lab's various computer projects.

At the urging of the United States Air Force, the Lincoln Laboratory was created in 1951 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as part of an effort to improve the U.S. air defense system. Primary advocates for the creation of the

laboratory were two veterans of the World War II-era MIT Rad Lab.

This new undertaking was initially called Project Lincoln and the site chosen for the new laboratory was on the Laurence G. Hanscom Field (now Hanscom Air Force Base), where the Massachusetts towns of Bedford,

Lexington and Lincoln meet.

On Saturday, July 28, 1945, Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr., of Watertown, Massachusetts, was piloting a B-25 Mitchell bomber on a routine personnel transport mission from Bedford Army Air Field in Massachusetts.

Bedford Army Air Field

served as a site for testing new radar sets developed by MIT's Rad Lab.

At 9:40 a.m., the aircraft crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 78th and 80th floors, making an 18-by-20-foot (5.5 m × 6.1 m) hole in the building into the offices of the

War Relief Services and the National Catholic Welfare Council.

After the debris had been cleared away, Armand Hammer purchased the damaged 78th floor, refurbished it, and made it the headquarters of his United Distillers of America.

The crash spurred the passage of the

long-pending Federal Tort Claims Act, which was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman in August 1946, initiating retroactive provisions into the law and allowing people to sue the government for the accident.

The King of Torts (2003) is a legal/suspense novel written by

American author John Grisham.

John Grisham is a member of the board of directors of the Innocence Project, which campaigns to free and exonerate unjustly convicted people on the basis of DNA evidence.

The Innocence Project was founded in 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld

who gained national attention in the mid-1990s as part of the "Dream Team" of lawyers who formed part of the defense in the O. J. Simpson murder case.

The Innocence Project was established in the wake of a study by the U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Senate, in conjunction

with Yeshiva University's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law.

DNA testing has been used to establish the right of succession to British titles.

Cases:
•Baron Moynihan
•Pringle baronets

The Pringle Baronetcy, of Pall Mall, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain

on 5 June 1766 for the physician John Pringle.

Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet Bt PRS (10 April 1707 – 18 January 1782) was a British physician who has been called the "father of military medicine" (although Ambroise Paré and Jonathan Letterman have also been accorded this

sobriquet).

On 5 June 1766 John Pringle was created a baronet, and in 1774 he was appointed Physician to His Majesty King George III.
He was also a frequent travelling companion to Benjamin Franklin.

In November 1772 Pringle was elected President of the Royal Society, a

position he held until 1778.

The Invisible College has been described as a precursor group to the Royal Society of London, consisting of a number of natural philosophers around Robert Boyle. The concept of "invisible college" is mentioned in German Rosicrucian pamphlets in the

early 17th century. Ben Jonson in England referenced the idea, related in meaning to Francis Bacon's House of Solomon, in a masque The Fortunate Isles and Their Union from 1624/5.

John Wilkins, was centrally concerned in the founding of the Royal Society; and Boyle became part

of it in the 1650s. It is more properly called "the men of Gresham", from its connection with Gresham College in London.

Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the Royal Exchange, left his estate jointly to the City of London Corporation and to the Mercers' Company, which today support

the college through the Joint Grand Gresham Committee under the presidency of the Lord Mayor of London. Gresham's will provided for the setting up of the college – in Gresham's mansion in Bishopsgate, on the site now occupied by Tower 42, the former NatWest Tower – and endowed it

with the rental income from shops sited around the Royal Exchange, which Gresham had established.
The early success of the college led to the incorporation of the Royal Society in 1660.

In 1544 Thomas Gresham married Anne Ferneley, widow of Sir William Read, a London merchant.

By his wife he had an only son who predeceased him. He also had an illegitimate daughter who married Sir Nathaniel Bacon (c. 1546–1622), half-brother of Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, becoming Anne, Lady Bacon.

Nathaniel Bacon's will, written in 1614, mentions the

construction of his tomb at Stiffkey, and a jewel with a unicorn horn, which his three daughters were to use as a medicinal charm.

Bacon was married twice. He had three daughters by his first wife, Anne Gresham, daughter of Thomas Gresham; his eldest daughter and a co heir,

Anne Bacon, married Sir John Townshend.

His second wife was Dorothy Hopton, the daughter of Sir Arthur Hopton and Rachel Hall, who inherited the manor of Eccles from her husband.

The placename Eccles comes from the Latin ecclesia meaning church, and usually indicates an early

British Christian site.

Kett's Rebellion occurred in Norfolk during the reign of Edward VI, largely in response to the enclosure of land by landlords, leaving peasants with nowhere to graze their animals, and to the general abuses of power by the nobility. It was led by

Robert Kett, a yeoman farmer, who was joined by recruits from Norwich and the surrounding countryside. His group numbered some 16,000 by the time the rebels stormed Norwich on 29 July 1549 and took the city. Kett's rebellion ended on 27 August when the rebels were defeated by an

army under the leadership of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland at the Battle of Dussindale. Some 3,000 rebels were killed. Kett was captured, held in the Tower of London, tried for treason, and hanged from the walls of Norwich Castle.

Instead of taking the title of

Lord Protector, John Dudley set out to rule as primus inter pares, the working atmosphere being more conciliar and less autocratic than under Somerset.

On the second day as Lord President of the Council, Dudley began a process to tackle the problems of the mint.

The bad coin

prevailed over the good, however, because people had lost confidence. Dudley admitted defeat and recruited the financial expert Thomas Gresham.

Dudley recruited the Scot John Knox so that he should, in his words, "be a whetstone to quicken and sharp the Bishop of Canterbury

[Thomas Cranmer], whereof he hath need".

Mary Tudor initially spared Jane Grey; however, Jane soon became viewed as a threat to the Crown when her father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, became involved with Wyatt's rebellion against Queen Mary's intention to marry

Philip II of Spain. Jane and her husband were executed on 12 February 1554. At the time of her death, Jane was either 16 or 17 years old.

Jane was not engaged until 25 May 1553, her bridegroom being Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.

In 1549, Robert Dudley participated in crushing Kett's Rebellion and probably first met Amy Robsart, whom he was to wed on 4 June 1550 in the presence of the young King Edward. She was of the same age as the bridegroom and the daughter and heiress of Sir John Robsart, a

gentleman-farmer of Norfolk.

Interest in Amy Dudley's fate was rekindled in the 19th century by Walter Scott's novel, Kenilworth.

Kenilworth. A Romance is a historical romance novel by Sir Walter Scott, one of the Waverley novels, first published on 13 January 1821.

Set in 1575, it leads up to the elaborate reception of Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle by the Earl of Leicester, who is complicit in the murder of his wife Amy Robsart at Cumnor.

On 21 September 1578, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex mother married

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Elizabeth I's long-standing favourite and Robert Devereux's godfather.

The following year, Francis Bacon joined the friendship circle comprising Robert, Sir Fulke Greville and Sir Phillip Sidney, Mary Sidney, by then Countess of Pembroke, and

Robert's sister Penelope who inspired the "Stella" of Phillip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella sonnet sequence.

In 1590, Essex married Frances Walsingham, daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham and widow of Sir Philip Sidney.

Roberto Devereux was first performed by the

New York City Opera in October 1970 as the first part of the "Three Queens" trilogy, starring Placido Domingo and Beverly Sills.

The NYCO was founded as the New York City Center Opera, and originally made its home at the New York City Center on West 55th Street, in Manhattan.

City Center's chair of the finance committee, Morton Baum, mayor Fiorello La Guardia and council president Newbold Morris hired Laszlo Halasz hired the company's first director, serving in that position from 1943 until 1951.

In September 1925, Newbold Morris was married to

Margaret Copley Thaw (1905–1980). She was the daughter of Josiah Copley Thaw (1874–1944) and granddaughter of William Thaw Sr. and Mary Sibbet Copley.

After their divorce in 1940, his first wife remarried in 1949 to Harry William Seckel.

On August 1, 1942, Morris married