Letting kids skip grades gives them more time to live their lives.
Gifted adolescents who were allowed to skip grades earned more doctorates, published more papers, and filed more patents, and they did so at earlier ages.
I've had Twitter for eight months now and I'm delighted that 53,900 of you have decided to follow me in that time.
Here's a review thread of what I've posted in the last month!
High-ranking nobility were often expected to fight. This meant they had high violent death rates. Kings were even more at risk because of the requirement to fight and the risk of assassination.
For background, New York's Tammany Hall was founded as part of the Tammany Societies, which were groups dedicated to celebrating Native American culture, from its titles, to the languages, to the dress.
This group's early meeting locations were, appropriately, called "Wigwams".
Early on, Tammany membership was for "native-born patriots" only. But on April 24, 1817, hundreds of Irishmen broke into a meeting and demanded entry.
A few years later, Tammany let them in and embraced universal manhood suffrage.
Among them were the "Enemies of the people"—the bourgeois educated elite.
Despite having everything taken from them, their descendants are more educated than their peers today.
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Areas near Gulags today which had greater numbers of "Enemies of the people" in the past are now more developed, as indicated by satellite imagery of nightlights.
The economic benefits of having these immiserated intellectuals' descendants in an area today are visible in other ways.
For example, a one standard deviation increase in an area's "Enemies of the people" comes with 65% higher profits per employee and 22% higher average wages.
Here's a chart of interest rates over seven centuries.
But something stands out: Where are all the Jewish loans?
Jews have had a reputation for making loans for centuries, but this analysis explicitly omits them. The reason is simple: Jewish loans were different.
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In the premodern world, religious restrictions on moneylending abounded.
Since states were weak and Christians had no ability to charge usurious rates, Christian finance was handicapped. So the enterprise came to be dominated by Jews, who weren't similarly restricted.
Rulers were not unaware of this. In fact, they regularly made attempts to attract Jews to their towns and cities.
Sometimes town representatives would even beseech their lords to let them bring Jews to their towns because, TL;DR: 'think of the poor people!'