The story of Christmas, told through masterpieces of painting - a thread 🧵
1. The Cestello Annunciation - Sandro Botticelli (1489)
1. The Archangel Gabriel visits Mary with news of her pregnancy. She's shocked by it as you see in her outstretched arms, but Botticelli renders her expression graceful.
The angel's face is reassuring: “Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.”
2. The Dream of St. Joseph - Philippe de Champaigne (1643)
Already pledged to marry Mary but pondering divorce (as he wasn't the child's father), Joseph is sent an angel: “do not be afraid to take to you Mary your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.”
3. Joseph and Mary traveling to Bethlehem - Hugo van der Goes (1475)
The couple journey to Bethlehem to participate in Caesar Augustus's census. In a tender moment, Joseph helps his wife down a tricky slope. Mary has dismounted her donkey - it was safer to navigate this by foot.
4. The Census at Bethlehem - Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1566)
Bruegel painted Bethlehem as a Flemish village enduring a harsh winter - like the winter of 1565 he had just witnessed (one of the harshest on record). Mary arrives on the donkey at the forefront of the painting.
5. The Nativity at Night - Geertgen tot Sint Jans (1490)
On December 25h, Christ is born. The darkness is illuminated by the newborn, and a golden glow lights the faces of Mary and the adoring angels. In the background is a glimpse of the annunciation to the shepherds.
6. The Adoration of the Shepherds - El Greco (1614)
A dance-like Mannerist painting of the shepherd's visit to see the newborn. They're spellbound by the experience, and Christ's glow lights up the scene.
7. The Procession of the Magi - Benozzo Gozzoli (1460)
The wise men travel to Bethlehem to praise the birth. They are accompanied here by an entire cavalcade - a contemporary depiction reflecting the annual Epiphany procession which took place in 15th-century Florence.
8. The Adoration of the Magi - Leonardo Da Vinci (1481)
Sent by the wicked Herod to gather information, the Magi were stunned upon arrival - bowing down to Christ (they later defied Herod's orders). Leonardo's unfinished masterwork captures their astonishment in a chaotic scene.
9. The Flight into Egypt - Adam Elsheimer (1609)
Learning of Herod's plan to kill the newborn from an angel, the family is forced to flee. During their escape, another intimate moment is shared - this time set beneath the dramatic moonlight and illuminated by Joseph's torch.
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Tom Bombadil is the most mysterious character in The Lord of the Rings.
He's the oldest being in Middle-earth and completely immune to the Ring's power — but why?
Bombadil is the key to the underlying ethics of the entire story, and to resisting evil yourself… 🧵
Tom Bombadil is an enigmatic, merry hermit of the countryside, known as "oldest and fatherless" by the Elves. He is truly ancient, and claims he was "here before the river and the trees."
He's so confounding that Peter Jackson left him out of the films entirely...
This is understandable, since he's unimportant to the development of the plot.
Tolkien, however, saw fit to include him anyway, because Tom reveals a lot about the underlying ethics of Middle-earth, and how to shield yourself from evil.
The story of Saint George isn't just about a brave knight slaying a dragon and saving a damsel.
St. George matters because he holds the answer to the most important of all questions:
What actually is evil, and how do you destroy it? 🧵
To understand the nature of evil, first note that the dragon is a perversion of the natural world.
Its origin is in nature, like the snake or lizard, and that makes it compelling. It's close enough to something natural (something good) that we tolerate it.
And notice the place from which it emerges. In Caxton's 1483 translation of the Golden Legend, it emerges from a stagnant pond: water without natural currents, which breeds decay.
It's also outside the city walls, and thus overlooked.