Mike Hoerger, PhD MSCR MBA Profile picture
Dec 25, 2023 8 tweets 5 min read Read on X
1/
PMC COVID-19 Tracker, Dec 25, 2023 (U.S.)

At peak surge, we will have 2 million U.S. #COVID infections/day.

Nearly 1 in 3 Americans will get infected during the peak 2 months of this winter surge. That’s 105 million infections & >5 million resulting #LongCOVID cases.U.S. Winter 2023-24 COVID Surge				 	Best Estimate		Range	 Rank among COVID waves	2nd		2nd	4th Date of peak	Jan 10		Jan 3	Jan 17 Daily infections at peak	2.0 million/day		1.7 million/day	2.1 million/day Percentage of population infectious at peak	4.1% (1 in 24)		3.7% (1 in 27)	4.4% (1 in 23)  CURRENT ESTIMATES FOR December 25, 2023 Wastewater Levels (copies/mL) 1137 New Daily Cases 1,655,000 % of Population Infectious 3.46% (1 in 29 people) New Daily Long COVID Cases  83,000 to 331,000  4-WEEK FORECAST FOR January 22, 2024 Wastewater Levels (copies/mL) 1,293 (14% higher) New Daily Cases 1,8...
2/
Today on Christmas, 3.5% of the U.S. population (1 in 29) is actively infectious with #COVID & rising toward a Jan 10 peak.

COVID transmission is higher than during 94.7% of the pandemic. There's a 50% chance of a COVID exposure if interacting with 20 people today. There is more COVID-19 transmission today        than during 94.7% of the pandemic.  Number of People  |  Chances Anyone is Infectious	 1	3.5% 2	6.8% 3	10.0% 4	13.2% 5	16.2% 6	19.1% 7	21.9% 8	24.6% 9	27.2% 10	29.7% 15	41.1% 20	50.6% 25	58.6% 30	65.3% 35	70.9% 40	75.6% 50	82.8% 75	92.9% 100	97.1% 150	99.5% 200	99.9% 300	>99.9% 400	>99.9% 500	>99.9%
3/
We posted our first “Christmas Risk” table on October 30, and as you can see, it performed exceedingly well.

These tables should lend confidence in the PMC dashboard, and raise concern about public health leadership and the news media.

Being able to accurately predict within a few percentage points the probability of infectiousness in a room of 20 people, for example, 8 weeks out is very helpful for planning. Moreover, many would estimate *today* that the risk in a room of 20 people is <1 percentage point. We’re talking about potentially magnitudes of difference in risk estimation, and this was highly predictable long ago. It’s not something unanticipated due to a new oddly-behaving sub-variant (there will always be a new sub-variant this time of year when no mitigation) or high rates of air travel (also unsurprising). It was highly predictable, and public health officials should not be given an out. The media will try to frame this as an unanticipated surge, and it simply was not, according to those who know how to forecast.

The formal PMC forecast keeps to 4 weeks, but sometimes a more speculative long-term estimate can help with planning, especially surrounding booking travel plans. People might want to take a wait-and-see approach to booking, purchase travel insurance, or cancel entirely. We characterized the table with appropriate caution, and hopefully it was helpful.

Putting out these forecasts requires putting one’s professional reputation as a scientist on the line. It’s very easy for anonymous and fake-name accounts to make speculative forecasts. The information we provide tends to be highly conservative within a much broader set of analyses, sensitivity analyses, and scenarios considered. Know that we are very cautious about what information we share, post considerable detail on the underlying methodology and assumptions in the online report, and carefully describe how estimates may be more precise or more speculative at times. A published peer-reviewed article will ultimately account for the strengths and limitations in the accuracy of the model.Comparison of the "Christmas Risk" table posted on October 30th versus today. The 8-week predictions were highly accurate. In October, we predicted that interacting with 20 people on Christmas Day would lead to a 47% chance of exposure. Today, we estimate that same risk as 50.6%, a negligible difference and vastly at odds with public expectations concerning risk.
4/
Christmas infections will seed New Year’s Eve/Day infections, leading to a peak around the 10th.

Around New Year’s, interacting with 15-20 people means a 50% chance of a COVID exposure. In a restaurant or plane, the risk jumps to >98%. Number of People  |  Chances Anyone is Infectious	 1	3.9% 2	7.6% 3	11.2% 4	14.6% 5	17.9% 6	21.1% 7	24.1% 8	27.1% 9	29.9% 10	32.6% 15	44.7% 20	54.6% 25	62.7% 30	69.4% 35	74.9% 40	79.4% 50	86.1% 75	94.8% 100	98.1% 150	99.7% 200	>99.9% 300	>99.9% 400	>99.9% 500	>99.9%
5/
Zooming out to the full pandemic, we are in the 8th U.S. COVID wave & 2nd biggest all-time.

That assumes no major wastewater corrections.

We've surpassed the 1st wave, winter of 2020-21, Delta, & 2023 summer wave. Claims that “COVID is over” are harmful misinformation. There is more COVID-19 transmission today        than during 94.7% of the pandemic.  CURRENT ESTIMATES FOR December 25, 2023 Wastewater Levels (copies/mL) 1137 New Daily Cases 1,655,000 % of Population Infectious 3.46% (1 in 29 people) New Daily Long COVID Cases 83,000 to 331,000  WEEKLY ESTIMATES FOR December 25, 2023 New Weekly Cases 11,600,000 New Weekly Long COVID Cases 579,000 to 2,317,000  2023 CUMULATIVE ESTIMATES AS OF December 25, 2023 Total 2023 Cases To Date 241,674,380 Total 2023 Long COVID Cases To Date 12,084,000 to 48,335,000
6/
Hospitals & clinicians should require universal masking. Public health officials should warn of the surge & recommend multi-layered mitigation.

Anything less is grounded in politics, short-term revenue, or defensiveness against COVID anxiety.
7/
Here's the full PMC Dashboard for Dec 25 to Jan 22.

You can read the full report here:

Thank you for your continued questions, suggestions, gratitude, infographics, videos, & sharing across other platforms. pmc19.com/data/
There is more COVID-19 transmission today	        than during 94.7% of the pandemic.	 	 CURRENT ESTIMATES FOR	 December 25, 2023	 Wastewater Levels (copies/mL)	 1137	 New Daily Cases	 1,655,000	 % of Population Infectious	 3.46% (1 in 29 people)	 New Daily Long COVID Cases	 83,000 to 331,000	 	 WEEKLY ESTIMATES FOR	 December 25, 2023	 New Weekly Cases	 11,600,000	 New Weekly Long COVID Cases	 579,000 to 2,317,000	 	 2023 CUMULATIVE ESTIMATES AS OF	 December 25, 2023	 Total 2023 Cases To Date	 241,674,380	 Total 2023 Long COVID Cases To Date	 12,084,000 to 48,335,000	 	 4-WEEK FORECAST FOR	 ...
8/
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More from @michael_hoerger

Dec 15
PMC COVID Update, Dec 15, 2025 (U.S.)

In the latest CDC data, 15 states have moderate to very high transmission.
🔹1 in 63 estimated actively infectious nationally, rising fastest in the Midwest & Northeast
🔹Very High: Indiana
🔹High: Nebraska, Vermont, Connecticut

🧵1/9 Heat map from CDC data and PMC estimates of 1 in 63 actively infectious and >700,000 new daily infections, based on wastewater derived estimates using models noted in the Technical Appendix at the website listed in the image.
PMC estimates 1 in 26 people in Indiana are infectious and 1 in 39 in Connecticut.

MI, MS, and AR may have higher levels than shown due to poor reporting.

States AL to MS shown.

🧵2/9 Alabama	Moderate	1 in 41 (2.4%) Alaska	Very Low	1 in 220 (0.5%) Arizona	Very Low	1 in 118 (0.8%) Arkansas	Low*	1 in 68 (1.5%) California	Very Low	1 in 382 (0.3%) Colorado	Very Low*	1 in 230 (0.4%) Connecticut	High	1 in 39 (2.6%) Delaware	Very Low	1 in 222 (0.4%) District of Columbia	Very Low	1 in 131 (0.8%) Florida	Very Low	1 in 320 (0.3%) Georgia	Very Low	1 in 275 (0.4%) Guam	Very Low	1 in 426 (0.2%) Hawaii	Very Low	1 in 670 (0.1%) Idaho	Very Low	1 in 108 (0.9%) Illinois	Low	1 in 71 (1.4%) Indiana	Very High	1 in 26 (3.8%) Iowa	Low	1 in 76 (1.3%) Kansas	Moderate	1 in 62 (1.6%) Kentucky	Mode...
PMC estimates 1 in 39 are infectious in both Nebraska and Vermont (coincidence, not typo).

Very few NY sites are reporting to the CDC, so use the NYS website there instead.

States MO to WY shown.

🧵3/9 Missouri	Low	1 in 80 (1.2%) Montana	Very Low	1 in 135 (0.7%) Nebraska	High	1 in 39 (2.5%) Nevada	Very Low	1 in 225 (0.4%) New Hampshire	Moderate	1 in 47 (2.1%) New Jersey	Very Low	1 in 200 (0.5%) New Mexico	Low	1 in 75 (1.3%) New York	Moderate*	1 in 49 (2.1%) North Carolina	Very Low	1 in 226 (0.4%) North Dakota	Low*	1 in 85 (1.2%) Ohio	Moderate	1 in 62 (1.6%) Oklahoma	Moderate*	1 in 47 (2.1%) Oregon	Low	1 in 89 (1.1%) Pennsylvania	Moderate	1 in 55 (1.8%) Rhode Island	Low	1 in 70 (1.4%) South Carolina	Very Low	1 in 215 (0.5%) South Dakota	Low	1 in 86 (1.2%) Tennessee	Moderate	1 in 60 (1.7%) ...
Read 9 tweets
Dec 8
PMC COVlD Update, Dec 8, 2025 (U.S.)
1/9

🔥🔥🔥Very High: Arizona (Yuma)
🔥🔥High: Indiana and Vermont
🔥Moderate: Nebraska and Alabama

Data only go through late November, and levels often increase following Thanksgiving. Heat map and PMC estimates of transmission (1 in 102 actively infectious).
PMC COVlD Update, Dec 8, 2025 (U.S.)
2/9

State-by-state estimates (part 1). Arizona is Very High, but sites were only online in the Yuma area. Indiana remains high.

MI and MS have considerable uncertainty.

DC is exceptionally low. Alabama	Moderate	1 in 47 (2.1%) Alaska	Very Low	1 in 220 (0.5%) Arizona	Very High*	1 in 18 (5.7%) Arkansas	Very Low*	1 in 138 (0.7%) California	Very Low	1 in 574 (0.2%) Colorado	Low	1 in 76 (1.3%) Connecticut	Low	1 in 91 (1.1%) Delaware	Very Low	1 in 307 (0.3%) District of Columbia	Very Low	1 in 5,777 (0.0%) Florida	Very Low	1 in 494 (0.2%) Georgia	Very Low	1 in 180 (0.6%) Guam	Very Low	1 in 289 (0.3%) Hawaii	Very Low	1 in 704 (0.1%) Idaho	Very Low	1 in 121 (0.8%) Illinois	Very Low	1 in 112 (0.9%) Indiana	High	1 in 30 (3.3%) Iowa	Low	1 in 83 (1.2%) Kansas	Low	1 in 105 (1.0%) Kentucky	Very L...
PMC COVlD Update, Dec 8, 2025 (U.S.)
3/9

State-by-state estimates (part 1). Vermont remains High. Tennessee has fallen rapidly from a quick surge.

Data quality are low in NY. Missouri	Very Low	1 in 176 (0.6%) Montana	Very Low	1 in 136 (0.7%) Nebraska	Moderate	1 in 45 (2.2%) Nevada	Very Low	1 in 372 (0.3%) New Hampshire	Very Low	1 in 109 (0.9%) New Jersey	Very Low	1 in 217 (0.5%) New Mexico	Very Low	1 in 118 (0.8%) New York	Very Low*	1 in 260 (0.4%) North Carolina	Very Low	1 in 233 (0.4%) North Dakota	Low*	1 in 101 (1.0%) Ohio	Low	1 in 70 (1.4%) Oklahoma	Low*	1 in 68 (1.5%) Oregon	Very Low	1 in 150 (0.7%) Pennsylvania	Low	1 in 89 (1.1%) Rhode Island	Very Low	1 in 187 (0.5%) South Carolina	Very Low	1 in 144 (0.7%) South Dakota	Low	1 in 82 (1.2%) Tennessee	Very Low...
Read 9 tweets
Nov 23
PMC COVlD Update, Week of Nov 24, 2025 (U.S.)
🧵1/10

With CDC data operational again, the transmission map is back. The data are always a week old, so transmission is likely worse than depicted.

We estimate 1 in 116 people actively infectious and 422,000 new daily infections. Heat map: Indiana and Arkansas with "moderate" transmission. All others, "low" or "very low" (CDC categories).
PMC COVlD Update, Week of Nov 24, 2025 (U.S.)
🧵2/10

State level estimates are back. Note, the CDC changed their data processing approach in August, which tends to downplay transmission.

Does 1 in 45 in Indiana seem "moderate"?

Levels in MI may be mod/high (poor reporting). Alabama	Very Low	1 in 153 (0.7%) Alaska	Very Low	1 in 272 (0.4%) Arizona	Low	1 in 63 (1.6%) Arkansas	Moderate*	1 in 47 (2.1%) California	Very Low	1 in 365 (0.3%) Colorado	Very Low	1 in 137 (0.7%) Connecticut	Low	1 in 103 (1.0%) Delaware	Very Low	1 in 262 (0.4%) District of Columbia	Very Low	1 in 418 (0.2%) Florida	Very Low	1 in 408 (0.2%) Georgia	Very Low	1 in 292 (0.3%) Guam	Very Low	1 in 887 (0.1%) Hawaii	Very Low	1 in 426 (0.2%) Idaho	Very Low	1 in 116 (0.9%) Illinois	Very Low	1 in 116 (0.9%) Indiana	Moderate	1 in 45 (2.2%) Iowa	Very Low	1 in 108 (0.9%) Kansas	Very Low	1 in 109 (0.9%) Ke...
PMC COVlD Update, Week of Nov 24, 2025 (U.S.)
🧵3/10

State-level estimates (continued).

Current levels may be much higher than noted here. Note that CDC data are always at least a week old. The 2nd half of November is a time period historically of accelerating transmission. Missouri	Very Low	1 in 202 (0.5%) Montana	Very Low*	1 in 114 (0.9%) Nebraska	Low	1 in 95 (1.1%) Nevada	Very Low	1 in 228 (0.4%) New Hampshire	Low	1 in 78 (1.3%) New Jersey	Very Low	1 in 192 (0.5%) New Mexico	Very Low	1 in 151 (0.7%) New York	Very Low	1 in 212 (0.5%) North Carolina	Very Low	1 in 212 (0.5%) North Dakota	Very Low*	1 in 116 (0.9%) Ohio	Very Low	1 in 109 (0.9%) Oklahoma	Low*	1 in 70 (1.4%) Oregon	Very Low	1 in 194 (0.5%) Pennsylvania	Very Low	1 in 111 (0.9%) Rhode Island	Very Low	1 in 167 (0.6%) South Carolina	Very Low	1 in 112 (0.9%) South Dakota	Very Low	1 in 127 (0.8%) Tennes...
Read 10 tweets
Nov 8
PMC COVID Update, Week of Nov 10, 2025 (U.S.)
1/6🧵

🔹301,000 new daily infections based on wastewater-derived models
🔹1 in 162 people (0.6%) actively infectious
🔹Levels the past 2 months corrected upward by Biobot
🔹"Lull point" estimated between Nov 5-21. Rising soon. Year over year graph, emphasizing that levels commonly rise in mid November
PMC COVID Update, Week of Nov 10, 2025 (U.S.)
2/6🧵

The central estimate of the forecast suggests we will surpass 500,000 new daily infections on Nov 22.

There's a 25% chance of a prolonged lull like last year. More likely, we are in wave territory by the end of the month. Close up of the most recent 3 months of data, including the forecast.
PMC COVID Update, Week of Nov 10, 2025 (U.S.)
3/6🧵

We are presently in a lull between the 11th and 12th wave. Now is the time to get boosted and stock up on N95 masks, tests, and air purifier filters.

Do a DIY fit test if you've been putting it off. Graph of the 11 waves
Read 6 tweets
Nov 3
PMC COVlD Update, Nov 3, 2025 (U.S.)
1 of 9 🧵

The relative "lull" in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is unlikely to go much lower.

✨1 in 209 people are estimated actively infectious, likely the lowest levels of 2025 nationwide.

Get boosted. Stock up on masks, tests, & filters. Year-over-year graph
PMC COVlD Update, Nov 3, 2025 (U.S.)
2 of 9 🧵

No data presently suggest the rise of a winter wave any earlier than "usual."

If following historical trends, transmission will pick up Nov 15-29. Last year's rise was atypically late. Forecasted transmission
PMC COVlD Update, Nov 3, 2025 (U.S.)
3 of 9 🧵

Expect rising misinformation/disinformation as transmission heats up:
🔹Abuse of community notes, particularly surrounding wastewater methodology
🔹Paid bot army attacks, especially about boosters & masks
Read 9 tweets
Oct 28
PMC COVlD Update, Oct 27, 2025 (US)

Transmission typically accelerates in mid-November.

We are currently in a relative 'lull.' We estimate about a quarter-million new daily infections with 1 in 185 people actively infectious. Still bad, likely to get worse.

1/9 🧵 year over year graph
PMC COVlD Update, Oct 27, 2025 (US)

Our forecast through November 8 calls for flat transmission.

Nothing yet indicates the onset of a winter wave, but it would also be atypical for the lull to last much longer than another 2-3 weeks.

2/9 🧵 Graph of recent transmission and current forecast
PMC COVlD Update, Oct 27, 2025 (US)

We estimate 264,000 new daily infections during this 'lull' period.

Biobot data have returned. Our substitute data from WWS last week correlated r=.97 (near perfect) with that, but Biobot did retroactively increase recent estimates.

3/9 🧵 Graph of the 11 waves of the pandemic
Read 9 tweets

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