SARS-COV-2 : A MASTER of IMMUNE EVASION using
... "NendoU" ( pronounced nenn-doh-YOU)
What is NendoU ?
2) A fantastic article on this topic :
"X-ray light reveals how virus responsible for COVID-19 covers its tracks, eluding the immune system" news.asu.edu/20230110-xray-…
3) The study :
Summary :
"NendoU from SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the virus’s ability to evade the innate immune system by cleaving the polyuridine leader sequence of antisense viral RNA" cell.com/structure/full…
Orthologs are genes that are derived from a common ancestor and perform similar functions in different species
2) Interesting study
"We applied this assay to test a panel of 30 ACE2 orthologs or human sequence mutants for infectability by the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron BA1 variant spikes." biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
3) Out of the thirteen non-human orthologs, ten exhibited unique patterns of variant-specific compatibility, demonstrating that spike sequence changes during human transmission can toggle ACE2 compatibility and potential susceptibility of other animal species ...
"Viruses and their hosts have coevolved for a long time. This coevolution places both the pathogen and the human im- mune system under selective pressure; on the one hand, the immune system has evolved ... ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
2) ... to combat viruses and virally infected cells, while viruses have developed sophisticated mechanisms to escape recognition and destruction by the immune system."
What are the 7 reported STRATEGIES of SARS-COV-2 which are utilized by SARS-CoV-2 for immune evasion ?
3) SPIKE CAMOUFLAGE Employing GLYCAN Molecules (Epitope Masking)
"The RBD is almost fully covered by the glycans in the ‘down state,’ offering a perfect camouflage"
KEY STUDY : Viral INFECTION of RENAL CELL TYPES with UNDETECTABLE ACE2 has led to the suggestion of alternate receptors
Proximal Tubule (PT) enhanced organoids show extensive viral entry factor expression journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jv…
2) Improved stem cell-derived PT confirms a sole receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry in renal cells
3) SARS-CoV-2 utilizes dual viral entry pathways in renal cells
2) Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cells. Mitochondrial respiration refers to the process by which cells generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the oxidation of glucose and other molecules. It plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism
3) and overall cellular function.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS), which include various immune cells, exhibit changes in mitochondrial function in individuals with long COVID.
These alterations in mitochondrial respiration can manifest as decreased ATP production