Thread by @tomaspueyo

Germany just became the 3rd largest economy
But why is it so rich?
Work ethic?
Here's a huge factor: Geography 🧵

If there was something special about 🇩🇪, we should be able to tell it in the regional GDP numbers: It should stand out. But no: regions of neighboring Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, England, and Northern Italy are as rich or richer

Why are Denmark and the Netherlands richer than Germany in terms of GDP per capita if Germany is so well run?

If the country's productivity was exceptional, we should see it on satellite maps of nightlights—strong proxies for wealth. But see how Germany compares to Haiti/Dominican Rep or North/South Korea:
Can't tell the border in 🇩🇪, it's obvious in the others!

It's not 🇩🇪, it's the region. Something is making it rich. What might it be?
Let's look at a map: What do these regions have in common?

Flat
➡️Cheaper infrastructure
➡️Easier to irrigate & produce food
➡️More ppl
➡️More wealth

But Poland & France are also flat but poorer. Why?

There is something else: navigable rivers.

The region of northwest🇩🇪/🇳🇱/🇧🇪 has the highest density of inland navigable waterways in the world. And also the highest density of wealth in the world. Is it a coincidence?

Lots of these waterways today are artificial canals, but the region also has the highest density of naturally navigable rivers
➡️irrigation
➡️sediments (more fertile land)
➡️Cheap transportation
➡️Trade
➡️Wealth
➡️Infrastructure
➡️Cheaper transport
...

The importance of inland waterways was known a long time ago. Eg, the Emperor Charlemagne built the 1st canal in the region... in 800 AC! (Fossa Carolina, pictured below)

It connected the Rhine basin with the Danube basin

But why are there so many navigable rivers in this corner of the world?

The Earth's rotation create, warm currents ("Gulf Stream") from the Caribbean toward Northern Europe, warming it up

The Earth's rotation also pushes warm winds in the same direction

Warm ocnea + warm winds➡️They load up on moisture, which falls as rain on Europe. That's why this region has so much rain and so little sunlight

Red: no rain
Blue: rain
Purple: lots of rain
🇫🇷🇧🇪🇳🇱🇩🇪 get lots of rain
More rain➡️More farming productivity➡️More wealth

But notice where most of the rain falls?
On the many mountain ranges—especially the huge Alps
They stop the winds and catch their moisture, which falls as rain or snow, stored in snowpacks

The snowpacks slowly release the water through the year, stabilizing the rivers

And why are there so many mountains there? Because of plate tectonics: The African Plate hits on the Eurasian Plate

Southern Europe has more mountains & less flatlands ➡️It's poorer
It's not work ethic (northerners work less, as you can see)
It's geography

And why is the north so flat? Because it's very old terrain, flattened over eons—especially in the last few ice ages

Flat lands with rain
Rivers bringing sediments and water
Perfect conditions for an amazingly fertile land
Germany has among the most productive fields in Europe!

The tech revolution of the Middle Ages improved its productivity with the heavy plow, horseshoe, & horse collar

Flat also means it's much cheaper to build infrastructure: roads, railroads, housing... So ppl can build faster and cheaper, accelerating growth

So:
🌍Rotation of Earth➡️Rain🌧️
🌋Plate Tectonics➡️Capture rain & store in snowpacks
❄️Ice Ages➡️Flat northern plain
➡️Navigable rivers+Cheap infrastructure➡️ Trade ➡️ Wealth💰
➡️Easy irrigation & sediments➡️Food surplus➡️Population🧑‍🤝‍🧑
Population + Wealth➡️Huge economy

And that's not it! See the Ruhr region here, one of the wealthiest in the world?
It has one of the best coal mines in the world

So when the Industrial Revolution arrived to 🇩🇪, it had the coal, the workers to mine it, and the rivers to transport it

And it's not just the Ruhr's coal! Germany has had great mines throughout history, because the same mountains that gave it water also gave it mining resources

Many of these assets are shared by 🇳🇱🇧🇪🇫🇷, and hence why they're also very rich (and even richer than 🇩🇪)
It's also not a coincidence that Poland, just to the east, is growing the fastest in Europe, now that it's unshackled from bad mgmt & occupations

So why is Germany so rich? Many factors, but the huge one that few mention is that it got lucky with its geography

Enjoyed this? Follow for more! Soon Poland, France, Mexico & more!

Much more detail & sources soon on my site. Subscribe for free:
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If you’re going to write “no it’s because Japan went down”, do a favor to yourself and pause for a second to think a few steps ahead

Why was 🇩🇪 4th to begin with?
Why so resilient in the longer term?
Think for than months. Think centuries.

Also: No, geography is not the ONLY factor
It's the most UNDERRATED factor
If I thought it was the only factor, I wouldn't have made this gif last week, showing how different political mgmt can have heavy consequences:

https://x.com/tomaspueyo/status/1757777718509195512?s=20