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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Feb 23, 2024 • 9 tweets • 4 min read • Read on X
Scrolly
LONG COVID
How SARS-COV-2 "SEEDS" INFECTION from BONE MARROW to the PLATELETS?
(layman terms) Image
2) Bone marrow plays a vital role in the immune system by producing various types of cells. The production of immune cells is essential for maintaining an effective immune response to protect the body and unfortunately these cells in bone marrow are infected by the SARS-COV-2 Image
3) SARS-COV-2 infects macrophages present in bone marrow using a receptor other than ACE2, Neuropilin-1
(We will come back in another thread on the different entries of SARS-COV-2 into cells which cannot be limited to ACE2)
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
4) "Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity"

"The Role of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in SARS-CoV-2 Infection"
science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/1…
Image
5) SARS-COV-2 infects also in bone marrow the megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are large cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. Image
6) Infection of megakaryocytes which is associated with severe viral infection in COVID-19
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
Image
7) Megakaryocyte infection which drives the formation of pathogenic afucosylated IgG antibodies
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Image
8) If megakaryocytes become infected, they may “seed” infection of the platelets. This could lead to degranulation or deficits in platelet energy metabolism. In addition, because platelets harbor and carry seratonin, platelet infection could contribute to hormonal dysregulation. Image
9) This is key to understand the "SARS-COV-2 persistence and impact LONG COVID megakaryocytes & platelets".

Thanks for reading 🙏
polybio.org/projects/sars-…
Image

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 1
BRAIN'S BATTLE: 5 Ways COVID-19 Can Disrupt Cognition 😰
1. Persistent neuroinflammation
2. Cerebrovascular complications
3. Direct neuronal injury
4. Activation of the kynurenine pathway
5. Psychological distress

(Visual explanations 💥💯)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cn…Image
2) This first figure helps explain the first key mechanisms contributing to cognitive impairment in COVID-19 patients:

▶️ Direct viral entry and brain injury is shown in the first panel.
▶️ The role of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in cognitive decline is depicted in the second panel Image
3) ▶️ The widespread systemic inflammation caused by COVID-19 is illustrated in the third panel. Image
Read 10 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 31
For CHILDREN, the risk of LONG COVID after a SECOND INFECTION is 2.08 TIMES GREATER compared to the FIRST INFECTION.
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) Let's summarize first this study :

The researchers used medical records from 40 children's hospitals in the US between January 2022 and October 2023. They compared the risk of long-term issues in those with a second COVID-19 infection versus their first infection. Image
3) Results showed that children with a 2nd infection had a significantly higher risk of various long-term problems, including:
- Heart issues like inflammation and abnormal heart rhythms
- Changes in taste and smell
- Blood clots
- Kidney problems
- Fatigue and muscle/joint pain
Read 8 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 29
What a "CLEVER" SARS-COV-2 virus !
... which induced a P812S mutation in a chronically ill individual, that is somewhat less pathogenic but enables the virus to infect a larger population.
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) This study looks at how a single mutation, called P812S, in the SARS-CoV-2 virus can have different effects. The P812S mutation was found in a person with a long-term COVID-19 infection. Image
3) The study found that the P812S mutation:
- Reduced the ability of the virus to enter cells and cause them to fuse together (form syncytia). This is linked to less severe COVID-19 disease.
- Helped the virus evade antibodies that target the fusion peptide region of the spike. Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 29
INSIDE a COVID-19 crashing WAVE (Nov. 2023 and Mar. 2024, coastal Kenya) 🌊

Fascinating information on variants, symptoms, reinfections, ...
Thanks @siamosolocani
for the study medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
2) The study examines the genomic and clinical epidemiology of a SARS-CoV-2 wave that occurred in coastal Kenya between November 2023 and March 2024. Key findings include:

- The wave was dominated by the XBB.2.3-like and JN.1-like Omicron subvariants ... Image
3) ... which were introduced through multiple independent events, primarily from North America and Europe.

- Genomic surveillance revealed at least 38 separate virus introduction events into the local population during this wave. Image
Read 9 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 28
SHOCKING DECLINES in Key IMMUNE CELLS Months AFTER COVID-19 INFECTION !

Let's aim to offer specific data rather than just stating that "COVID-19 weakens the immune system"
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/al…Image
2) Here are the significant reductions in multiple key immune cell populations at 10 months after initial COVID-19 infection :

▶️ Total leukocyte (white blood cell) counts were reduced by 12%
▶️ Neutrophil counts were reduced by 11%
▶️ Monocyte counts were reduced by 10% Image
3) ▶️ Total lymphocyte counts were reduced by 14%
▶️ T cell counts were reduced, with CD4+ T cells down 16% and CD8+ T cells down 18%
▶️ B cell counts were reduced by 14%
▶️ Natural killer cell counts were reduced by 19% Image
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 28
How SARS-CoV-2 virus changed over 14 months in a patient with a weak immune system ?

The patient was first infected with the B.1.160 variant, then later got infected with the B.1.1.7 variant. The virus kept changing and evolving inside this patient's body biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) The virus mutated and recombined, creating new versions of itself. This allowed the virus to adapt and become better suited to the patient's body.

The study found that the virus evolved faster inside this patient compared to how it usually evolves in the general population. Image
3) This is because the patient's weak immune system allowed the virus to keep changing and trying out new mutations.

Some key mutations were found in genes like Spike, N, ORF9b, and nsp13. These mutations helped the virus evade the patient's immune system and replicate better. Image
Read 6 tweets

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