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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Feb 23, 2024 • 9 tweets • 4 min read • Read on X
Scrolly
LONG COVID
How SARS-COV-2 "SEEDS" INFECTION from BONE MARROW to the PLATELETS?
(layman terms) Image
2) Bone marrow plays a vital role in the immune system by producing various types of cells. The production of immune cells is essential for maintaining an effective immune response to protect the body and unfortunately these cells in bone marrow are infected by the SARS-COV-2 Image
3) SARS-COV-2 infects macrophages present in bone marrow using a receptor other than ACE2, Neuropilin-1
(We will come back in another thread on the different entries of SARS-COV-2 into cells which cannot be limited to ACE2)
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
4) "Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity"

"The Role of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in SARS-CoV-2 Infection"
science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/1…
Image
5) SARS-COV-2 infects also in bone marrow the megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are large cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. Image
6) Infection of megakaryocytes which is associated with severe viral infection in COVID-19
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
Image
7) Megakaryocyte infection which drives the formation of pathogenic afucosylated IgG antibodies
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Image
8) If megakaryocytes become infected, they may “seed” infection of the platelets. This could lead to degranulation or deficits in platelet energy metabolism. In addition, because platelets harbor and carry seratonin, platelet infection could contribute to hormonal dysregulation. Image
9) This is key to understand the "SARS-COV-2 persistence and impact LONG COVID megakaryocytes & platelets".

Thanks for reading 🙏
polybio.org/projects/sars-…
Image

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 4
How many spike proteins are in our body during each SARS-CoV-2 infection, and how many stay in our organs after three infections?

500,000,000,000 spike proteins ?

I haven't found a clear answer in the nearly 10,000 studies that I shared on X/Twitter since the pandemic began. Image
2) Although I never pretend to be an expert on this topic, I decided to take a chance and estimate this number. I welcome any constructive criticism you might have.

First, the human body has about 37.2 trillion cells, though this number can change based on size, age, and health. Image
3) Many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, can interact with our cells in complex ways.

One study tried to estimate the number of viral particles during an infection and found it to be around 10 billion.
Read 13 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 3
When COVID-19 TAKES a TOLL on MALE (and FEMALE) FERTILITY !

(mega-thread, more than 20 studies !!!🧵) nature.com/articles/s4159…Image
2)
3)
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 3
WHY INFECTIONS by BACTERIA, VIRUSES and FUNGI will INCREASE in the FUTURE ? 🧵

2 recent studies highlights important concerns about the rise of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and the role of COVID-19 Image
2) One study focuses on antibiotic resistance, where bacteria become resistant to medicines meant to kill them. This often happens due to the overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture, along with a lack of new antibiotics being developed.
3) As these bacteria evolve and become harder to treat, even common infections could lead to severe health problems.

The second study discusses how climate change and urban growth are contributing to the increase in viral and fungal infections.
Read 11 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 3
CAUTION with the use of KETAMINE against COVID-19 !

biorxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) Astrocytes are the brain cells that can be infected and support the growth of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This likely contributes to the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Image
3) Experiments show ketamine, an anesthetic, can reduce astrocyte infection by earlier SARS-CoV-2 variants, but not newer variants. Ketamine does this by decreasing the virus's entry receptor and replication in astrocytes. Image
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 1
BRAIN'S BATTLE: 5 Ways COVID-19 Can Disrupt Cognition 😰
1. Persistent neuroinflammation
2. Cerebrovascular complications
3. Direct neuronal injury
4. Activation of the kynurenine pathway
5. Psychological distress

(Visual explanations 💥💯)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cn…Image
2) This first figure helps explain the first key mechanisms contributing to cognitive impairment in COVID-19 patients:

▶️ Direct viral entry and brain injury is shown in the first panel.
▶️ The role of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in cognitive decline is depicted in the second panel Image
3) ▶️ The widespread systemic inflammation caused by COVID-19 is illustrated in the third panel. Image
Read 10 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 31
For CHILDREN, the risk of LONG COVID after a SECOND INFECTION is 2.08 TIMES GREATER compared to the FIRST INFECTION.
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) Let's summarize first this study :

The researchers used medical records from 40 children's hospitals in the US between January 2022 and October 2023. They compared the risk of long-term issues in those with a second COVID-19 infection versus their first infection. Image
3) Results showed that children with a 2nd infection had a significantly higher risk of various long-term problems, including:
- Heart issues like inflammation and abnormal heart rhythms
- Changes in taste and smell
- Blood clots
- Kidney problems
- Fatigue and muscle/joint pain
Read 8 tweets

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