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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Feb 23 • 9 tweets • 4 min read • Read on X
Scrolly
LONG COVID
How SARS-COV-2 "SEEDS" INFECTION from BONE MARROW to the PLATELETS?
(layman terms) Image
2) Bone marrow plays a vital role in the immune system by producing various types of cells. The production of immune cells is essential for maintaining an effective immune response to protect the body and unfortunately these cells in bone marrow are infected by the SARS-COV-2 Image
3) SARS-COV-2 infects macrophages present in bone marrow using a receptor other than ACE2, Neuropilin-1
(We will come back in another thread on the different entries of SARS-COV-2 into cells which cannot be limited to ACE2)
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
4) "Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity"

"The Role of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in SARS-CoV-2 Infection"
science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/1…
Image
5) SARS-COV-2 infects also in bone marrow the megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are large cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. Image
6) Infection of megakaryocytes which is associated with severe viral infection in COVID-19
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
Image
7) Megakaryocyte infection which drives the formation of pathogenic afucosylated IgG antibodies
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Image
8) If megakaryocytes become infected, they may “seed” infection of the platelets. This could lead to degranulation or deficits in platelet energy metabolism. In addition, because platelets harbor and carry seratonin, platelet infection could contribute to hormonal dysregulation. Image
9) This is key to understand the "SARS-COV-2 persistence and impact LONG COVID megakaryocytes & platelets".

Thanks for reading 🙏
polybio.org/projects/sars-…
Image

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 25
SARS-COV-2 LASTING MYSTERIES (1)
One of Kei Sato's @SystemsVirology best studies that we haven't talked about enough ...
frontiersin.org/articles/10.33…
Image
2) "Several epidemic variants, including those classified as variants of concern, share mutations"

How "each or combination of these mutations can modify the S protein functions that are strongly associated with viral fitness and enhance the S protein’s ability to evade ... Image
3) ... humoral immunity, which likely contributes to the reduced effectiveness of vaccinations ?

In this study there is an extraordinary graphic which illustrates the evolution of the virus and which we will break down to make it easier to read. Image
Read 8 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 25
EPIGENETIC MODULATION of MYELOID CELL functions in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection


1. What are MYELOID CELLS ? link.springer.com/article/10.100…
Image
2) Myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, are essential components of the innate immune system. They originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Dysfunction of these cells contributes to infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Image
3) What is EPIGENETIC MODULATION ?

Epigenetic modulation refers to the changes in gene expression involved in antiviral defense, cytokine production, and inflammation. These epigenetic changes may contribute to the dysregulated immune response Image
Read 10 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 24
AVOID REINFECTION 🙏

LONG-TERM RISKS of RESPIRATORY DISEASES in patients INFECTED with SARS-CoV-2

"3 cohorts were included in this study; 112,311 individuals in the COVID-19 group, 359,671 in the contemporary group, and 370,979 in the historical group" thelancet.com/journals/eclin…
Image
2) "Individuals who survived the first 30 days of COVID-19 exhibited an increased risk of asthma HR 1.49; bronchiectasis HR 1.30; interstitial lung disease HR 1.81; lung cancer HR 1.39 ..." Image
3) Fig. Cumulative hazards of incident respiratory outcomes in COVID-19 group (A) Asthma outcome; (B) Bronchiectasis outcome; (C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outcome; (D) Interstitial lung disease outcome; (E) Pulmonary vascular disease outcome; (F) Lung cancer outcome Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 24
RNA DETECTION and PERSISTENCE in BODY FLUIDS associated with SEXUAL ACTIVITY (saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal secretion).

INCLUDED STUDIES : A total of 182 studies with 10 023 participants. bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/2/e…
Image
2) RESULTS
"The combined proportion of individuals with detection of SARS-CoV-2 was 82.6% in saliva, 1.6% in semen, 2.7% in vaginal secretion, 3.8% in urine and 31.8% in faeces/rectal swabs Image
3) The maximum viral persistence for faeces/rectal secretions was 210 days, followed by semen 121 days, saliva 112 days, urine 77 days and vaginal secretions 13 days. Culturable SARS-CoV-2 was positive for saliva and faeces."

Thanks for reading 🙏
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 23
AMAZING SCIENCE ARTICLE !

A SPIKING FEVER
Long neglected, LASSA FEVER is surging in West Africa. Researchers want to know why

In September 2023, 13-year-old Ngozu Ofozor was preparing to go home after spending 2 weeks in the Lassa Fever Isolation Ward science.org/content/articl…
Image
2) Lassa fever has long been concentrated in endemic areas in Nigeria, Guinea ... But in recent years, cases of the deadly hemorrhagic disease have been popping up in other parts of West Africa. With climate change and population growth, the virus is expected to extend its reach Image
3) Scientists isolated the virus from 14 specimens of multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis, so-called because of its long rows of nipples for nursing big litters.
science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
Image
Read 11 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 23
CHOLESTEROL and COVID-19
Therapeutic opportunities at the host/virus interface during cell entry.
life-science-alliance.org/content/7/5/e2…
Image
2) "Targeting host factors that support virus entry, replication, and propagation provide opportunities to lower SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and improve COVID-19 outcome. This includes cellular cholesterol, which is critical for viral spike proteins to capture the host machinery Image
3) for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry.
Once endocytosed, exit of SARS-CoV-2 from the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment occurs in a cholesterol-sensitive manner. In addition, effective release of new viral particles also requires cholesterol. Image
Read 5 tweets

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