Many of the best philosophical works are clear and concise, packing tons of wisdom into a short space. Anybody can read them.
6 Easy Philosophy Books to start your journey of enlightenment 🧵
1. The Apology, Plato
The Apology details Socrates’ trial shortly before his execution. It’s a prime example of the Socratic dialogue and, because Socrates left no writings, it's essential to understanding the life and teachings of the “Father of Philosophy.”
2. Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle
Plato's student, Aristotle, explores how best to live a good life. He explains that “the good'' is ultimately the goal to which all man’s actions aim. His work is foundational to western ethics and influenced figures from Alexander to Aquinas.
3. Letters from a Stoic, Seneca
The quintessential Stoic philosopher, Seneca was a tutor and advisor to emperor Nero. His work is basically a diary containing philosophical contemplations on the contempt of death, the value of friendship, and virtue as the supreme good.
4. Meditations, Marcus Aurelius
Never intended for the public, Meditations is a collection of personal insights that Marcus Aurelius recorded while on military campaign. The work is a unique opportunity to peer into the mind of the leader of the greatest empire in history.
5. Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius
Written while he awaited execution, the work is a dialogue between Boethius and Lady Philosophy who consoles the author by discussing the fleeting nature of worldly goods. It influenced the medieval mind more than any other secular work
6. The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli
Machiavelli’s classic is a 16th century handbook on effective governance. It’s an essential read for anyone who wishes to understand the motivations and reasoning behind great leaders from the past or savvy politicians today.
What did l leave out?
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The Black Death wiped out half of Europe—as many as 50 million people perished as a result of the plague.
But it was also a new beginning.
The world might look very different today had the plague not set the West on a new course…🧵
Supposedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of Caffa in 1347, the disease was likely carried by fleas that hitched rides on Genoese ships sailing around the Mediterranean.
At the time, no one could have guessed the damage these little fleas would cause…
Major population centers like Constantinople, Sicily, and Italy were launching pads for the plague to reach mainland Europe.
And once on land, the Black death likely started spreading from person-to-person as a type of lung infection.
Most know Socrates as the celebrated thinker who birthed Western philosophy.
But Friedrich Nietzsche called him “anti-Greek” and a “symptom of decline” — a critic who deconstructed Greek culture…
What was Nietzsche talking about? 🧵
Socrates is widely regarded as a crucial figure in Western civilization.
Rising to fame in the 5th century BC, he mentored figures like Plato, Xenophon and Alcibiades, and was featured in Plato’s writings including the popular “Republic”.
Socrates’ philosophy revolved around the idea that the pursuit of “eudaimonia” (roughly translated to “happiness” or “welfare”) motivated all human action, and that virtue and knowledge were linked to this state of ultimate happiness.
Rooted in American exceptionalism, this idea was known as "Manifest Destiny".
It inspired a people to conquer a continent — and push the boundaries of what was previously thought possible🧵 (thread)
The term “manifest destiny” first appeared in an article by newspaper editor John O'Sullivan in 1845.
O'Sullivan, described as "always full of grand and world-embracing schemes," used the phrase in the midst of the ongoing Oregon boundary dispute with Britain.
He wrote it was America’s destiny to control North America:
“And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty…”
Art Deco needs to be the architectural style for America's upcoming golden age.
Here's why🧵
Kenneth Clarke said:
“Vigour, energy, vitality: all the civilizations—or civilizing epochs—have had a weight of energy behind them.”
Art Deco embodies this vitality.
He claimed civilization had 3 enemies:
"First of all fear — fear of war, fear of invasion, fear of plague and famine, that make it simply not worthwhile constructing things, or planting trees or even planning next year’s crops."
Why do civilizations arise in some places and not others?
Historian Arnold Toynbee claimed the usual answers—race, environment, resources—were too narrow.
Rather, something called “challenge and response” was the answer.
To build a civilization, you must make it STRUGGLE…🧵
Toynbee was an English historian who published the 12-volume masterwork “A Study of History,” which traced the life cycle of about two dozen civilizations.
Rather than simply naming events and dates, though, Toynbee built a framework for world history…
Popular in the 1940’s and 50’s, his work has largely fallen out of academic favor, but it remains a significant contribution to the philosophy of history.
Most notably, his theory of “challenge and response” provides a model for the rise of civilizations.