Many of the best philosophical works are clear and concise, packing tons of wisdom into a short space. Anybody can read them.
6 Easy Philosophy Books to start your journey of enlightenment 🧵
1. The Apology, Plato
The Apology details Socrates’ trial shortly before his execution. It’s a prime example of the Socratic dialogue and, because Socrates left no writings, it's essential to understanding the life and teachings of the “Father of Philosophy.”
2. Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle
Plato's student, Aristotle, explores how best to live a good life. He explains that “the good'' is ultimately the goal to which all man’s actions aim. His work is foundational to western ethics and influenced figures from Alexander to Aquinas.
3. Letters from a Stoic, Seneca
The quintessential Stoic philosopher, Seneca was a tutor and advisor to emperor Nero. His work is basically a diary containing philosophical contemplations on the contempt of death, the value of friendship, and virtue as the supreme good.
4. Meditations, Marcus Aurelius
Never intended for the public, Meditations is a collection of personal insights that Marcus Aurelius recorded while on military campaign. The work is a unique opportunity to peer into the mind of the leader of the greatest empire in history.
5. Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius
Written while he awaited execution, the work is a dialogue between Boethius and Lady Philosophy who consoles the author by discussing the fleeting nature of worldly goods. It influenced the medieval mind more than any other secular work
6. The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli
Machiavelli’s classic is a 16th century handbook on effective governance. It’s an essential read for anyone who wishes to understand the motivations and reasoning behind great leaders from the past or savvy politicians today.
What did l leave out?
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Great leaders lead from the front — they don't sit back and watch their men do all the work.
Today's world leaders should take note.
A thread on courageous leaders who fought alongside their troops🧵
1. Leonidas
The Spartan king showed his willingness to sacrifice for his people when he, along with a cohort of vastly outnumbered Greeks, fought to the death at Thermopylae in 480 BC.
Despite his death, he’s become immortal in the legend that surrounds his epic last stand.
2. Alexander the Great
Alexander was a huge inspiration to his troops as he led his men from the front during his unprecedented military campaigns.
His bravery came at a cost though—he suffered several injuries, notably a slash to the head and thigh, and an arrow to the lung.
Art funded by committee is inevitably generic and uninspiring.
But masterpieces — like the works of Raphael and Michelangelo — were funded by individual egos.
Here's why democracy produces ugly art, while aristocracy gives us masterworks...🧵
First, we need to understand how the great artistic periods like the Renaissance were funded.
A key factor in the proliferation of art was a concept called patronage, where princes, popes, and other influential people provided funds for painters, sculptors, and musicians.
Patronage was how artists made their living—they didn’t receive a steady income unless they were actively creating art.
Patrons would put up the funds for a project—often Church artwork or private commissions for nobility—and the artist would see that project through.
Another Caesar is coming, and Western civilization is at a turning point, says German historian Oswald Spengler.
He claimed we live in “the most trying times known to history of a great culture."
And there's no offramp.
Buckle up.
Here's what Spengler predicted...🧵
Oswald Spengler is best known for his two-volume work “Decline of the West”, first published in 1923.
A German schoolmaster turned reclusive scholar, Spengler presented a unique vision of history that predicted the rise and fall of civilizations…
His work became an instant success upon publication, selling 100,000 copies by 1926 as its philosophy — depicting western culture as a tired civilization amidst decline — resonated with German intellectuals looking to make sense of their predicament after WWI.
Most empires rise, fall, and leave only ruins to tell their tale.
But some empires never die, rising like a phoenix again and again from ashes to glory.
This is the concept of "translatio imperii" — how empires inspire empires and live forever... 🧵 (thread)
Translatio imperii — Latin for ‘transfer of rule’ — is the idea that one empire may live on as the successor of a former empire. It’s a natural extension of the succession of kings to the scale of nations and empires.
Why connect an empire to a previous one?
The main reason is one of legitimacy. By claiming lineage to a former empire, new rulers and conquerors cement their claims to power with a natural legal basis.
A thread on the great figures of history and the books that influenced them🧵
Alexander
According to Plutarch, Alexander was given an annotated copy of the Iliad which he carried with him everywhere.
He considered it a “perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge” and was especially fascinated by the character Achilles.
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius was extremely well-read. His tutor Fronto described how the emperor read works of Cato the Elder, Cicero, Lucretius, and Seneca in addition to numerous Greek tragedies.
Among the most visible reminders of Rome's storied hegemony are its aqueducts.
These engineering marvels channeled the lifeblood of civilization for near a millennium.
Here’s how they worked🧵 (thread)
Rome’s aqueducts had humble origins, much like the city itself.
The first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, was constructed in 312 BC to supply the city’s cattle market.
Its source could be found in a group of springs inhabiting a stretch of local marshland, flowing an impressive 10.2 miles to Rome from the east and emptying into the Forum Boarium.