ThinkingWest Profile picture
Feb 24, 2024 9 tweets 3 min read Read on X
Philosophy doesn't have to be hard.

Many of the best philosophical works are clear and concise, packing tons of wisdom into a short space. Anybody can read them.

6 Easy Philosophy Books to start your journey of enlightenment 🧵 Image
1. The Apology, Plato

The Apology details Socrates’ trial shortly before his execution. It’s a prime example of the Socratic dialogue and, because Socrates left no writings, it's essential to understanding the life and teachings of the “Father of Philosophy.” Image
2. Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle

Plato's student, Aristotle, explores how best to live a good life. He explains that “the good'' is ultimately the goal to which all man’s actions aim. His work is foundational to western ethics and influenced figures from Alexander to Aquinas. Image
3. Letters from a Stoic, Seneca

The quintessential Stoic philosopher, Seneca was a tutor and advisor to emperor Nero. His work is basically a diary containing philosophical contemplations on the contempt of death, the value of friendship, and virtue as the supreme good. Image
4. Meditations, Marcus Aurelius

Never intended for the public, Meditations is a collection of personal insights that Marcus Aurelius recorded while on military campaign. The work is a unique opportunity to peer into the mind of the leader of the greatest empire in history. Image
5. Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius

Written while he awaited execution, the work is a dialogue between Boethius and Lady Philosophy who consoles the author by discussing the fleeting nature of worldly goods. It influenced the medieval mind more than any other secular work Image
6. The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli

Machiavelli’s classic is a 16th century handbook on effective governance. It’s an essential read for anyone who wishes to understand the motivations and reasoning behind great leaders from the past or savvy politicians today. Image
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More from @thinkingwest

Jan 28
The Black Death wiped out half of Europe—as many as 50 million people perished as a result of the plague.

But it was also a new beginning.

The world might look very different today had the plague not set the West on a new course…🧵 Image
Supposedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of Caffa in 1347, the disease was likely carried by fleas that hitched rides on Genoese ships sailing around the Mediterranean.

At the time, no one could have guessed the damage these little fleas would cause… Image
Major population centers like Constantinople, Sicily, and Italy were launching pads for the plague to reach mainland Europe.

And once on land, the Black death likely started spreading from person-to-person as a type of lung infection. Image
Read 14 tweets
Jan 24
Most know Socrates as the celebrated thinker who birthed Western philosophy.

But Friedrich Nietzsche called him “anti-Greek” and a “symptom of decline” — a critic who deconstructed Greek culture…

What was Nietzsche talking about? 🧵 Image
Socrates is widely regarded as a crucial figure in Western civilization.

Rising to fame in the 5th century BC, he mentored figures like Plato, Xenophon and Alcibiades, and was featured in Plato’s writings including the popular “Republic”. Image
Socrates’ philosophy revolved around the idea that the pursuit of “eudaimonia” (roughly translated to “happiness” or “welfare”) motivated all human action, and that virtue and knowledge were linked to this state of ultimate happiness. Image
Read 32 tweets
Jan 21
America once believed it had a divine mission.

Rooted in American exceptionalism, this idea was known as "Manifest Destiny".

It inspired a people to conquer a continent — and push the boundaries of what was previously thought possible🧵 (thread) Image
The term “manifest destiny” first appeared in an article by newspaper editor John O'Sullivan in 1845.

O'Sullivan, described as "always full of grand and world-embracing schemes," used the phrase in the midst of the ongoing Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. Image
He wrote it was America’s destiny to control North America:

“And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty…” Image
Read 16 tweets
Jan 19
Art Deco needs to be the architectural style for America's upcoming golden age.

Here's why🧵 Image
Kenneth Clarke said:

“Vigour, energy, vitality: all the civilizations—or civilizing epochs—have had a weight of energy behind them.”

Art Deco embodies this vitality. Image
He claimed civilization had 3 enemies:

"First of all fear — fear of war, fear of invasion, fear of plague and famine, that make it simply not worthwhile constructing things, or planting trees or even planning next year’s crops."

Does this look fearful to you? Image
Read 9 tweets
Jan 17
In 1322 an English knight journeyed to China, following in the footsteps of Marco Polo. 

His trip, however, involved:

-dwarves
-dragons
-centaurs & more

His wild adventure made him the most famous man in Europe...🧵 Image
Hailing from St. Albans, Sir John Mandeville set out on a trip to the far east.

It would be over three decades until he returned, but the knight kept a log of his expedition and published it in 1371.

It is known simply as "Mandeville's Travels."
On his trip, he covered an incredible amount of ground, passing through Asia Minor, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, and finally China. Image
Read 18 tweets
Jan 16
Why do civilizations arise in some places and not others?

Historian Arnold Toynbee claimed the usual answers—race, environment, resources—were too narrow.

Rather, something called “challenge and response” was the answer.

To build a civilization, you must make it STRUGGLE…🧵 Image
Toynbee was an English historian who published the 12-volume masterwork “A Study of History,” which traced the life cycle of about two dozen civilizations.

Rather than simply naming events and dates, though, Toynbee built a framework for world history… Image
Image
Popular in the 1940’s and 50’s, his work has largely fallen out of academic favor, but it remains a significant contribution to the philosophy of history.

Most notably, his theory of “challenge and response” provides a model for the rise of civilizations. Image
Read 46 tweets

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