Many of the best philosophical works are clear and concise, packing tons of wisdom into a short space. Anybody can read them.
6 Easy Philosophy Books to start your journey of enlightenment 🧵
1. The Apology, Plato
The Apology details Socrates’ trial shortly before his execution. It’s a prime example of the Socratic dialogue and, because Socrates left no writings, it's essential to understanding the life and teachings of the “Father of Philosophy.”
2. Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle
Plato's student, Aristotle, explores how best to live a good life. He explains that “the good'' is ultimately the goal to which all man’s actions aim. His work is foundational to western ethics and influenced figures from Alexander to Aquinas.
3. Letters from a Stoic, Seneca
The quintessential Stoic philosopher, Seneca was a tutor and advisor to emperor Nero. His work is basically a diary containing philosophical contemplations on the contempt of death, the value of friendship, and virtue as the supreme good.
4. Meditations, Marcus Aurelius
Never intended for the public, Meditations is a collection of personal insights that Marcus Aurelius recorded while on military campaign. The work is a unique opportunity to peer into the mind of the leader of the greatest empire in history.
5. Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius
Written while he awaited execution, the work is a dialogue between Boethius and Lady Philosophy who consoles the author by discussing the fleeting nature of worldly goods. It influenced the medieval mind more than any other secular work
6. The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli
Machiavelli’s classic is a 16th century handbook on effective governance. It’s an essential read for anyone who wishes to understand the motivations and reasoning behind great leaders from the past or savvy politicians today.
What did l leave out?
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Gothic cathedrals were the height of medieval architecture—but how did they build these jaw-dropping structures with only rudimentary tools?
Here's the step-by-step process of building a gothic cathedral🧵
In the 11th-13th centuries, unprecedented population growth and newfound wealth in northern Europe created a need for larger church buildings. The aging Romanesque-style churches were simply too small.
In comes gothic architecture.
With a focus on large, cavernous spaces, gothic churches allowed more people to congregate inside while their pointed arches, flying buttresses, and intricate masonry meant they could serve as visible symbols of a city’s prestige.
There are a lot of misconceptions about feudalism.
Rather than a contrived political system, feudalism was really just a series of loyalties.
For near a millennia, civilization was held together by the oaths of honorable men...🧵
After the breakdown of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries, society went through a restructuring. The political and social infrastructure provided by Rome ceased to function, creating a power vacuum that needed to be filled.
Enter Feudalism.
Rather than a planned political system, feudalism can best be understood as an emergent phenomenon that occurred where there was no overarching political entity running the show.
When institutions fail, oaths between men are all that’s left.
Among the most visible reminders of Rome's storied hegemony are its aqueducts.
These engineering marvels channeled the lifeblood of civilization for near a millennium.
Here’s how they worked🧵 (thread)
Rome’s aqueducts had humble origins, much like the city itself.
The first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, was constructed in 312 BC to supply the city’s cattle market.
Its source could be found in a group of springs inhabiting a stretch of local marshland, flowing an impressive 10.2 miles to Rome from the east and emptying into the Forum Boarium.
Modern man has a severe case of amnesia — he’s forgotten the immense wisdom of the past.
Luckily, it can be rediscovered through great literature.
12 old books that will make you wiser… 🧵
12. Enchiridion, Epictetus
Epictetus never wrote down anything himself, but his student Arrian collected his teachings, recording them for future generations. His lessons enlighten the reader on matters regarding ethics and achieving inner freedom.
11. The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavelli’s classic is a 16th-century handbook on effective governance. It’s an essential read for anyone who wishes to understand the motivations and reasoning behind great leaders from the past or savvy politicians today.
The design of a cathedral is theologically based and instructive in the faith. Though beautiful, its construction is not arbitrary — it wasn’t arranged simply to look pretty.
The layout, artwork, statues, and stained glass windows all serve an edifying purpose🧵
The plan of a cathedral is cruciform in shape and is usually oriented eastward—ad orientum. Worshippers face the rising sun, a daily reminder of Christ’s resurrection.
The north and south transepts or “arms” represent Christ’s right and left hands on the cross.
The entrance at the West end corresponds with His feet; one enters at the foot of the cross and proceeds upward as they approach the altar.
The layout is divided into three parts: the narthex/vestibule for catechumens, the nave for laymen, and the sanctuary for clergy.
The Holy Roman Empire lasted ~1000 years, and it looked like this:
How did such a fractured political entity last so long?
It has to do with a concept called “subsidiarity”, and it holds the key to implementing responsible government today 🧵 (thread)
Voltaire famously derided the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) as “neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire”, but what couldn't be denied was its longevity.
Existing from 800-1806, it was birthed before William the Conqueror invaded England and continued on after the American Revolution.
It’s considered one of the longest lasting empires in history, a feat of particular intrigue when one considers its central geographical location and lack of natural defensible borders.