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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Feb 28 • 9 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
WHEN the KILLER of the VIRUS is SICK !

(Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell attacking infected cell)
2) CD8 T cells, or cytotoxic T cells or killer T cells, are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response against viral infections. Effector CD8 T cells also produce cytokines, which can activate other immune cells, enhancing the immune response against infection.
3) These CD8+ T cells play a major role in virus clearance. Several studies have shown that they are depleted or exhausted or dysregulated causing permanent inflammation, a major cause of long COVID.
When the killer is sick, the virus persists and with it the damage ...
4) ... to the immune system and the human body.
For those who want to go further, we and friends recently posted several threads.
Thanks for reading 🙏
5) CD8 and long COVID
6) CD8 cells leukopenia
7) Exhausted CD8 Tcells
8) CD8 T cells and cognitive dysfunction
9) A pan-variant vaccine to conserve CD8 T cells 😊

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 1
"Control of complement-induced inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection by anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies"

The complement system plays a crucial role in the induction of both innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 embopress.org/doi/full/10.10…
Image
2) The complement system is a part of the innate immune system and consists of a group of proteins that work together to recognize and eliminate pathogens.
In this study, they showed that :
▶️ Complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2 activates dendritic cells Image
3) ▶️ Complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2 induces type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses by dendritic cells.
▶️ Patient serum or monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies attenuate complement-induced immune responses. Image
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 27
A WORLD with
more PATHOGENS,
more EMERGING and RE-EMERGING DISEASES, WHY ?
2) If we look at the emergence of newly identified emerging infections and notable outbreaks of diseases in humans over the past 20 years, it's quite frightening. Image
3) And these diseases have appeared all over the planet. Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 27
WHAT are nsp7, 8 and 12, and RdRp ?

Nonstructural proteins (nsp) such as nsp7, nsp8, and nsp12, form the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex.
This complex is responsible for replicating the viral RNA genome, allowing the virus to produce copies of its genetic material
2) Variations in the nonstructural protein nsp7, nsp8, and nsp12 subunits of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme impact the virus's replication efficiency and response to antiviral treatments in several ways. Image
3) 1. Replication Efficiency: The RdRp enzyme is responsible for replicating the viral RNA, which is crucial for the virus's survival and propagation. Variations in the subunits can affect the enzyme's structure and function, potentially leading to changes Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 26
MECHANISMS behind BRAIN FOG in LONG COVID

"We show that Blood–brain barrier disruption is evident during acute infection and in patients with long COVID with cognitive impairment, commonly referred to as brain fog." nature.com/articles/s4159…
Image
2) They examined blood samples from 76 patients who were hospitalized with acute COVID in early 2020, comparing findings with pre- pandemic samples from 25 other patients to look for any differences

Fig. Inflammation and BBB permeability in cases infected with acute COVID-19. Image
3) ... in coagulation patterns and immune response.
Those who reported brain fog had higher levels of a protein (S100ẞ) produced by brain cells not normally found in the blood, which hinted at a "leaky" blood-brain barrier.

Fig. COVID-associated brain changes. Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 26
SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION and VACCINE-INDUCED ANTIBODY RESPONSES are LONG LASTING with an INITIAL WANING phase followed by a STABILIZATION PHASE
(From @florian_krammer and colleagues)
cell.com/immunity/fullt…
Image
2) Infection prior to immunization shapes antibody responses to primary immunization resulting in higher antibody levels

Fig. Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding antibody titers in 496 participants over 3 years provide personalized immune histories Image
3) Fig. Immunogenicity of the different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses is dependent upon infection history prior to primary immunization Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 25
6 Possible ROLES of the GUT MICROBIOTA in DYSFUNCTIONAL IMMUNE RESPONSES
(Legend of this graph 👇) Image
2) 1) Invasion of SARS- CoV-2 can activate pattern- recognition receptors, which are recognized by innate immune cells, resulting in the release of various pro-inflammatory cytokines. These activated immune responses could impair gut permeability, disrupt gut ... Image
3) ... microbiota equilibrium and result in an increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens (for example, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus) and decreased abundance of commensal symbionts (for example, Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium and Roseburia).
Read 9 tweets

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