WHAT SARS-COV-2 LOOKS LIKE IN REALITY ?
(Visualisations thread)
... not like this schematic representation below that everyone knows 👇
2) Electron microscopy (EM) images of viral particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell.
Conventional Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of SARS-CoV-2 particle (arrows) in vacuole
3) EM image of budding viral particle in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell. Budding (arrows) of nucleocapsid in membranes of vacuoles (large circular vesicles) containing structural proteins, resulting in circular SARS-CoV-2 particles.
4) ET images of virion-like particle in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell (in the vacuole of cell). a ET images of single virus particle of SARS-CoV-2 in the vacuole of SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell in ultrathin section and b inverse image of a.
5) 3D ET images of virion-like particle in Y and X rotations in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell. The roots of the spikes (arrows) are arranged at the surface of the virion and an envelope covers the particle.
6) 3D ET images of virion-like particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell in Z slice position. The nucleocapsid in the SARS-CoV-2 is shown to have a high-electron-density structure observed inside the envelope of the virion structure in 3D sequential ET images.
7) ET images of virion-like particle in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell (at the cell surface) a ET image of single virus particle (arrows) of SARS-CoV-2 at the cell surface in ultrathin section and b inverse image of a.
8) 3D ET image of a viral particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell (at the cell surface) in Y and X rotations. The roots of the spikes and the envelope are clearly shown (arrows)
9) 3D ET image of a viral particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell (at the cell surface) in Z slice position. The nucleocapsid in the SARS-CoV-2 is observed to have a high-electron-density structure inside the envelope of virion in 3D images obtained by sequential ET.
10) Thanks for reading 🙏
Reference :
"Three-dimensional reconstruction by electron tomography for the application to ultrastructural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 particles" link.springer.com/article/10.100…
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2) The study focused on understanding how the internal genomic segments of this virus have adapted to bovine cells. The researchers generated 45 reassortant viruses and found that multiple segments of the B3.13 viruses contribute to their faster replicative fitness ...
3) ...in bovine cells, compared to other influenza A viruses. Additionally, the B3.13 recombinants were less susceptible to the bovine interferon response, but still restricted by the human MX1 protein.
The SARS-COV-2 "HIJACKOME"
explained in a few figures
(Part 1)
The "hijackome" refers to the set of host cell components and processes that the SARS-CoV-2 virus exploits or "hijacks" to enable its own replication and spread within the infected cells.
2) The figure 1c shows the levels of key SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins (e.g. nucleocapsid, spike) over the course of infection in the host cells. The Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 variants had slower initial increases in viral protein levels compared to other variants, but ...
3)...reached similar high levels by the later 36-hour timepoint.
Potential explanation for slower early kinetics: The study suggests this slower early infection progression for Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 may be due to differences in their replication and entry mechanisms compared ...
GENETIC FACTORS play a MAJOR ROLE in how the IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONDS to COVID-19. biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
2) The researchers found thousands of genetic variants that influence gene expression in immune cells, and many of these were specific to COVID-19 patients. They also discovered that the effects of these genetic variants depend on the functional state of the immune cells.
3) Importantly, the genetic risk factors for severe COVID-19 were linked to these patient-specific genetic effects on gene expression. Overall, the results highlight how an individual's genetics can significantly shape their immune response and ...
2) The study found that H5N1 is remarkably stable in raw milk, with a half-life of 2.1 days at 4°C. This means infectious virus could persist for over a month in refrigerated raw milk from infected cows. Even at room temperature (22°C), the half-life was 0.74 days ...
3) ...retaining infectivity for up to 3 weeks. The high protein content of milk appears to stabilize the virus.
In contrast, H5N1 had a much shorter half-life of only 0.48 days (12 hours) at 22°C in wastewater. The rapid inactivation of the virus in wastewater likely ...
2) The dominant factors that contributed to the emergence and spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants in Spain appear to be:
▶️ Relaxation of control measures: The study links the increased introductions and spread of Delta and Omicron-BA.1 to the "lifting of certain control measures"
3)..and "easing of travel restrictions," suggesting relaxed public health interventions were key.
▶️ Seasonal factors and human mobility: The Delta wave coincided with the "summer period, when Spain receives a considerable number of tourists," indicating seasonal changes and...
The DANGER THEORY of IMMUNITY revisited
(A fascinating study 💯👍)
This theory proposed by Polly Matzinger in 1994, suggests that the immune system responds primarily to signs of tissue stress or damage rather than just recognizing foreign invaders. nature.com/articles/s4157…
2) This means that for the immune system to react effectively, it needs two things: the ability to recognize harmful substances (antigenicity) and signals that indicate tissue damage (adjuvanticity).
3) Research shows that cancer cells and viruses can trick the immune system by hiding these damage signals. Additionally, imbalances in gut bacteria can weaken the immune system's response to infections.