WHAT SARS-COV-2 LOOKS LIKE IN REALITY ?
(Visualisations thread)
... not like this schematic representation below that everyone knows 👇
2) Electron microscopy (EM) images of viral particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell.
Conventional Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of SARS-CoV-2 particle (arrows) in vacuole
3) EM image of budding viral particle in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell. Budding (arrows) of nucleocapsid in membranes of vacuoles (large circular vesicles) containing structural proteins, resulting in circular SARS-CoV-2 particles.
4) ET images of virion-like particle in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell (in the vacuole of cell). a ET images of single virus particle of SARS-CoV-2 in the vacuole of SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell in ultrathin section and b inverse image of a.
5) 3D ET images of virion-like particle in Y and X rotations in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell. The roots of the spikes (arrows) are arranged at the surface of the virion and an envelope covers the particle.
6) 3D ET images of virion-like particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell in Z slice position. The nucleocapsid in the SARS-CoV-2 is shown to have a high-electron-density structure observed inside the envelope of the virion structure in 3D sequential ET images.
7) ET images of virion-like particle in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cell (at the cell surface) a ET image of single virus particle (arrows) of SARS-CoV-2 at the cell surface in ultrathin section and b inverse image of a.
8) 3D ET image of a viral particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell (at the cell surface) in Y and X rotations. The roots of the spikes and the envelope are clearly shown (arrows)
9) 3D ET image of a viral particle in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cell (at the cell surface) in Z slice position. The nucleocapsid in the SARS-CoV-2 is observed to have a high-electron-density structure inside the envelope of virion in 3D images obtained by sequential ET.
10) Thanks for reading 🙏
Reference :
"Three-dimensional reconstruction by electron tomography for the application to ultrastructural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 particles" link.springer.com/article/10.100…
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LONG COVID and IMMUNE SYSTEM
A very complete review !
Section snippets with reference studies :
▶️ Immune dysregulation and LC
▶️ Systemic inflammation is a characteristic feature of LC
▶️ Post-COVID-19 dysregulation in myeloid cells and neutrophils sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
2) ▶️ Acute perturbation of NK cells associates with LC development
▶️ Elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and the viral reservoir hypothesis
▶️ Herpesvirus antibody responses implicate immune dysregulation rather than active viremia as driver of LC
3) ▶️ Autoimmune antibody responses during LC: are they really the bad guys?
▶️ LC is associated with active T cell responses particularly in tissue compartments
▶️ LC alters T cell phenotypes in ways suggesting changes in functional, migratory, and exhaustion states of T cells
The mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 refers to the collection of genetic mutations, that have occurred in the genome of the virus. As it replicates and spreads, it accumulates random changes in its genetic material.
2) This mutational landscape is shaped by various factors, including the virus replication rate, its interaction with the host immune system, and environmental conditions. Some mutations don't impact significantly its virulence, while others confer advantages or disadvantages...
3) ... in terms of transmissibility, pathogenicity, or resistance to treatments.
The mutational landscape will be made up of "peaks" with a high nb of mutations, as the virus may be undergoing positive selection, meaning that the mutations in these areas provide an advantage ...
SARS-COV-2: "WE ARE STRONGER TOGETHER"
(Mega-thread )
"AGGREGATE" refers to the clustering or grouping together of viral particles,
"SYNCYTIA" refers to the fusion or merging of infected cells to form large multinucleated cells.
2) For SARS-CoV-2, both aggregate formation and syncytia formation can occur in infected tissues and contribute to the spread and severity of the disease.
It is with the Delta variant, that scientists discovered that the virus can aggregate biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
3) The benefits of the aggregation of pseudotyped virus particle may include :
- Increased stability, protecting the viral envelope proteins from degradation and maintaining their integrity for a longer duration
- Improved efficiency of infection, resulting in higher ...
SARS-COV-2 is "SUPER-AIRBORNE"
when compared to other respiratory viruses
Study in Swiss classrooms.
2) "We analyze saliva, air, and air cleaner filter samples from studies conducted in two Swiss secondary schools (age 14-17 years) over seven weeks during the winters of 2021/22 and 2022/23" clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-…
3) DISCUSSION
"Besides differences in virus circulation in the population during the study periods, a plausible explanation is that SARS-CoV-2 can remain airborne for extended durations, thus facilitating long-range transmission, matching the observation of superspreading events