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Mar 28, 2024 27 tweets 10 min read Read on X
Paleo artists often "shrink wrap" fossilized animal depictions

The T-Rex, Utahraptor, Triceratops—popular depictions of each of these animals shows skin so close to bone that it might be unrealistic

So let's shrink-wrap existing animals🧵

Can you guess what this is? Image
Preemptive note: All of this artwork is from C.M. Koseman, whose book (which is way more extensive than this thread) and some other material is linked at the end of the thread.

The last animal was a rhinoceros—the thing with the cooling heat sail!

Any idea what this animal is? Image
That last one might seem to be a dog, but it's actually a horse.

It's not so clear what this graceful beast might be. Image
The last picture was of a cow.

What about this monster? Its jaws can crush a steel car. Image
That metal-breaker was a hippopotamus.

This pack-hunting animal has a killer stare and wields a set of five switchblade claws on its forefeet. What might it be? Image
That was the house cat.

This one's a bit more mysterious, and clearly adapted to be a stealthy predator, right? Image
If you guessed that was a spider monkey, kudos to you. Future paleontologists might consider it an arboreal variation on humans, its cursorial relatives.

What of this one? It's not clear to future paleontologists if it's quadrupedal or bipedal. Image
That's the toad, which paleontologists might consider to be a long-legged forest ambler.

Any idea what this one is? Without preserved feathers, guessing might be hard! Image
If you guessed "Vulture", you're correct. But you probably didn't guess that!

You almost certainly won't guess this one. Image
That was a species of casque-headed hornbill, and paleontologists might suspect they use the casque for mating rituals. But we don't even know what they do with them in many cases today!

How's about this twofer? Note predator and prey: Image
If you guessed the "Swan" and the "Tadpole" (mistakenly believed to be a form of fish), then you were right.

What about this cute little predator? Image
That was an iguana, and due to fur being found on other small vertebrates like rats, it's assumed to have fur too.

Who's this courser? Image
That was a rabbit, but we wouldn't know it because posture is poorly preserved in fossils!

Now this one is simultaneously reassuring and disheartening. What might it be? Image
That's a python, and it might be assumed to have feet to support its body, much like the lizards its skeleton resembles. After all, we only have fragmentary remains!

Who's this guy? Image
That's a manatee. Remember, habitats change. A sea creature might be found in what's now a forested mountain. We might also only have remains like skulls.

This guy has a balloon-like facial sac. What might he be? Image
That's a bull elephant, and because no other animals have long, muscular appendages, he ends up with a face sac instead of his well-known trunk.

Time to dive underwater.

This one might seem to be a dolphin, but think outside the box. Image
It's a sperm whale, incorrectly believed to be a hunter of large pray. You know, like sharks.

What's this kelp forest stalker? Image
Why that's a bowhead whale of course! And as we know from its skeleton's extensible jaws, it must prey on animals as large as itself!

Going back to the land, who are we looking at now? Image
Because of its complicated nasal sinuses, the baboon might be assumed to have had venom glands and to have been a coursing hunter!

These guys have curved foot claws, sometimes serrated bills, and wings shorter than their legs. They must be vampiric! Image
But that's not the case, it's just an odd animal. It's a hummingbird, the only animal in its strange niche, and thus a prime candidate for misinterpretation!

Finally, who the hell is this? Image
That might be the first example of shrink wrapping and distorting the fossil record: the animal proposed to be pre-flood man, or Homo diluvii by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer in 1726

But though he thought he had evidence for the flood, he was describing the fossil of a salamander!Image
How we think about ancient animals is probably distorted by a tendency to shrink wrap their depictions and a desire to find function in form.

But much of what we observe in animals today, we still can't explain. Skin also drags, and feathers and fur abound (but not universally).
If you want to see more on this subject, I recommend the whole book, which contains many more illustrations and details for all of them.

Get it here: amazon.com/All-Yesterdays…
And if you're interested in speculation about possible futures, C.M. Koseman's All Tomorrows is spectacular. You can see it summarized on YouTube, here:
Koseman isn't the only person to have illustrated this issue either.

This opossum, for example, comes from the HowStuffWorks Tumblr:

Here's more: howstuffworks.tumblr.com/post/512612262…
imgur.com/a/BEz4r
Image
There is an error in describing sperm whales in the thread:

The issue is more that they would probably be thought of as behaving like sharks in the far future, but they're actually pretty social and frequently team players.
The artist for All Yesterdays and All Tomorrows has a Twitter account:

The opossum artist also has an account:

And the artist behind the inflated T-rex is apparently the creator of One Punch Man:
twitter.com/NixIllustration
twitter.com/NEBU_KURO

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More from @cremieuxrecueil

Jul 12
This is not true, but remember:

Premodern society was hyper-violent by modern standards.

Almost half the fighting-aged males in late Neolithic Europe showed skeletal evidence of violence and at least 10% died from it.

For comparison, the 2022 U.S. homicide rate was 7.5/100k. Image
This isn't even the most violent prehistoric society, it's one of the more peaceful ones known. Image
Communist states have killed a lot of people historically, but they had nothing on non-state societies.

I cannot recommend trying out any sort of statelessness, let alone communism.

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Jul 11
There is no reason to keep pit bull type dogs legal, but there is plenty of reason to ban them.

They are extremely disproportionately likely to bite and to kill. Keeping them around serves no purpose. Image
Pit bull owners are disproportionately likely to be mentally ill, to have criminal records, to be low-income and poorly-educated, etc.

But this doesn't explain the breed's issues. Even when they were not the premiere fighters, they dominated injury stats

It's also worth noting that, despite not being the most common type of dog in New York City, pit bulls still commit the largest share of the dog bites: Image
Read 4 tweets
Jul 10
Though the policy is harmful, the overwhelming majority of Americans support capping rent increases.

Americans overwhelmingly support many bad policies🧵 Image
Americans strongly support raising the minimum wage considerably. Image
In earlier years, support for tariffs was higher.

Now it's still quite high, and if you ask the question in certain ways support goes up or down.

Ask about China and you get majority support. Image
Read 12 tweets
Jul 9
The Atlantic was once a credible news outlet.

One of their best pieces came out 99 years ago, written by "A Woman Resident in Russia".

It describes the chaos that followed the Communists destroying the institution of marriage.

Let's read about the Soviets ruining marriage🧵Image
"To clear the family out of the accumulated dust of the ages we had to give it a good shakeup, and we did."

Russia boasted it had no illegitimate children. True. They eliminated the "illegitimate" category. Image
"Men took to changing wives" and 300,000 abandoned children resulted. Image
Read 18 tweets
Jul 2
I've seen people mentioning that Europe's heat-related death issue is larger than American gun violence—true!

But people neglect saying how many heat-related deaths America has.

Approximately 1% of what Europe does even though America is hotter and Americans are less healthy! Image
Those factors mean Americans are more at-risk for heat-related deaths, even after accounting for Europe being a little older than America.

So let's be clear:

Europeans die from heat at relatively high rates; Americans survive it with technology. Image
Image
What technology?

It's the terraforming technology of air conditioning.

Install A/C and the heat-related deaths will mostly disappear, if Europe can keep their grid operational. Image
Read 7 tweets
Jul 2
What happens when scholars get canceled?

They end up publishing fewer papers and they receive fewer citations.

In other words, scientific productivity falls🧵 Image
Tons of scholars have been cancelled in recent years.

That is, they've received professional backlash for expressing views that people deem "controversial, unpopular, or misaligned with prevailing norms." Image
Cancellations happen outside of academia, but it's very bad in it.

Large portions of the academy dislike the freedom of speech. Many of those free speech opponents have high agency and the clout to cause material harm to people they dislike = particularly bad cancel culture. Image
Read 13 tweets

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