Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 14, 2024 โ€ข 10 tweets โ€ข 4 min read โ€ข Read on X
๐—ฆ๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ฆ-๐—–๐—ข๐—ฉ-2 ๐—ฅ๐—˜๐—ฃ๐—Ÿ๐—œ๐—–๐—”๐—ง๐—œ๐—ข๐—ก ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐˜ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐—–๐—˜๐—Ÿ๐—Ÿ๐—ฆ : ๐—š๐—ข๐—Ÿ๐—š๐—œ ๐—”๐—ฃ๐—ฃ๐—”๐—ฅ๐—”๐—ง๐—จ๐—ฆ/๐—–๐—ข๐— ๐—ฃ๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ง๐— ๐—˜๐—ก๐—ง
(๐Ÿงต ๐˜”๐˜ฆ๐˜จ๐˜ข-๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ ๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ฉ 4 ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ถ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ด)

During viral replication, SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through binding with ... Image
2) ...receptors on the cell surface. Once inside the cell, the virus releases its genetic material, which is in the form of RNA. The viral RNA then hijacks the host cell's machinery to replicate itself.
Within the Golgi apparatus, the viral RNA is translated into viral proteins.. Image
3) ... by the host cell's ribosomes. These viral proteins undergo post-translational modifications and are processed within the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus also plays a role in assembling new viral particles.
After replication and assembly, the newly formed SARS-CoV-2 .. Image
4) ...particles are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. From there, they can be released to infect other cells or be transmitted to other individuals. Image
5) 1๐˜€๐˜ ๐˜€๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฑ๐˜†
A brief reminder
โ–ถ๏ธ The ERGIC (ER-Golgi intermediate compartment) is located at the interface between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. It acts as a sorting station between these two organelles.
โ–ถ๏ธ The Golgi apparatus is located in the cell Image
6) ... cytoplasm near the nucleus. It consists of stacks of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae.

In this study,
Virion-transporting vesicles and pits at the plasma membrane were found to be coated with proteins. biorxiv.org/content/10.110โ€ฆ
Image
7) Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed the coat protein was coatomer complex I (COPI).
The results identify COPI as critical for facilitating transport of virions from the ERGIC, revealing a novel role for COPI in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Image
8) ๐˜'๐˜ฎ ๐˜ด๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ณ๐˜บ ๐˜ฃ๐˜ฆ๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ถ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ ๐˜Ÿ/๐˜›๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ ๐˜ค๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ญ ๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ถ๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜ญ๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ญ ๐˜ฉ๐˜ฐ๐˜ถ๐˜ณ๐˜ด ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง ๐˜ธ๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ฌ. ๐˜ ๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ญ๐˜ญ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ต ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด๐˜ต ๐˜ธ๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ด๐˜บ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ฎ ๐˜ช๐˜ด ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ข๐˜ฃ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ข๐˜จ๐˜ข๐˜ช๐˜ฏ. ๐Ÿคทโ€โ™‚๏ธ
9) 2๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐˜€๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฑ๐˜† with one of the most fascinating videos I have seen which describes the observation of complex interconnected membrane structures that are visibly connected to a membrane derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
10) The 3D rendering demonstrates the accumulation of mitochondria at the outer edges of the replication complex.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/Pโ€ฆ
Image

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More from @ejustin46

Jan 26
NIPAH VIRUS
Jumping to conclusions during outbreaks only fuels panic and misunderstanding; NOT EVERY VIRUS OUTBREAK is a PANDEMIC.

We raised the alarm about Nipah in 2023, but itโ€™s essential not to confuse an epidemic related to this virus, ... Image
2) ...like the one in India, with a pandemic risk or a situation like COVID-19.
Nipah virus is transmitted primarily from animals, especially bats, to humans. It spreads through direct contact with infected animals, their secretions, or contaminated foods.
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We cannot equate a virus transmitted through fluids with a respiratory virus like SARS-CoV-2. Image
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Nov 28, 2025
"70% to 90% of our CELLS are completely RENEWED in less than 5 YEARS!
So If weโ€™re mostly "New", why are so many still struggling with SARS-CoV-2?

We will tackle this question, which is more complex than it seems, in several posts. Image
2) First, let's say a few words about cell renewal.
70% to 90% of our cells are renewed over time. This turnover occurs in various cell types, including skin, blood, and immune cells, allowing the body to replace damaged or aged cells.
sciencefocus.com/the-human-bodyโ€ฆImage
3) For instance, red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 days, while skin cells regenerate every few weeks.
Even with significant cell renewal, aging persists due to changes in our DNA.
sciencefocus.com/the-human-bodyโ€ฆImage
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Nov 26, 2025
UNRAVELING CO-INFECTION:
How SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses Interact ?
(In layman's terms)

Two groundbreaking studies exploring the complex dynamics of viral co-infection!
biorxiv.org/content/10.110โ€ฆ
biorxiv.org/content/10.110โ€ฆ Image
Image
2) Co-infection occurs when a person is infected by more than one virus at the same time. This can lead to interesting and sometimes complex interactions between the viruses Image
3) In one study about SARS-CoV-2, researchers found that when different versions of this virus infect the same person, they can mix their genetic material through a process called recombination. This means that the new version of the virus can have traits from both parent viruses Image
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ENVELOPE PROTEIN and LONG COVID

For more than three years, we have been emphasizing that the envelope protein is an essential component and that we cannot limit our focus to just the spike protein. We are now uncovering its role in long COVID. Image
2) Here are some insights on the E protein and its role in long COVID, as discussed in this recent study.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12โ€ฆImage
3) The Envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role for several reasons:

โ–ถ๏ธ Virus Assembly and Release: The E protein is essential for the virus's assembly and budding from infected cells, contributing to its stability and infectivity.
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Nov 21, 2025
"N''oubliez jamais" (Never forget - Joe Cocker)๐Ÿงต

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Nov 20, 2025
LONG COVID : Sticky Microclots in the blood !

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3) These microclots could impede blood flow in small vessels, leading to issues like brain fog, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Image
Read 4 tweets

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