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Apr 14 โ€ข 10 tweets โ€ข 4 min read โ€ข Read on X
๐—ฆ๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ฆ-๐—–๐—ข๐—ฉ-2 ๐—ฅ๐—˜๐—ฃ๐—Ÿ๐—œ๐—–๐—”๐—ง๐—œ๐—ข๐—ก ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐˜ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐—–๐—˜๐—Ÿ๐—Ÿ๐—ฆ : ๐—š๐—ข๐—Ÿ๐—š๐—œ ๐—”๐—ฃ๐—ฃ๐—”๐—ฅ๐—”๐—ง๐—จ๐—ฆ/๐—–๐—ข๐— ๐—ฃ๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ง๐— ๐—˜๐—ก๐—ง
(๐Ÿงต ๐˜”๐˜ฆ๐˜จ๐˜ข-๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ ๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ฉ 4 ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ถ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ด)

During viral replication, SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through binding with ... Image
2) ...receptors on the cell surface. Once inside the cell, the virus releases its genetic material, which is in the form of RNA. The viral RNA then hijacks the host cell's machinery to replicate itself.
Within the Golgi apparatus, the viral RNA is translated into viral proteins.. Image
3) ... by the host cell's ribosomes. These viral proteins undergo post-translational modifications and are processed within the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus also plays a role in assembling new viral particles.
After replication and assembly, the newly formed SARS-CoV-2 .. Image
4) ...particles are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. From there, they can be released to infect other cells or be transmitted to other individuals. Image
5) 1๐˜€๐˜ ๐˜€๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฑ๐˜†
A brief reminder
โ–ถ๏ธ The ERGIC (ER-Golgi intermediate compartment) is located at the interface between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. It acts as a sorting station between these two organelles.
โ–ถ๏ธ The Golgi apparatus is located in the cell Image
6) ... cytoplasm near the nucleus. It consists of stacks of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae.

In this study,
Virion-transporting vesicles and pits at the plasma membrane were found to be coated with proteins. biorxiv.org/content/10.110โ€ฆ
Image
7) Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed the coat protein was coatomer complex I (COPI).
The results identify COPI as critical for facilitating transport of virions from the ERGIC, revealing a novel role for COPI in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Image
8) ๐˜'๐˜ฎ ๐˜ด๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ณ๐˜บ ๐˜ฃ๐˜ฆ๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ถ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ ๐˜Ÿ/๐˜›๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ ๐˜ค๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ญ ๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ถ๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜ญ๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ญ ๐˜ฉ๐˜ฐ๐˜ถ๐˜ณ๐˜ด ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง ๐˜ธ๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ฌ. ๐˜ ๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ญ๐˜ญ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ต ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด๐˜ต ๐˜ธ๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ด๐˜บ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ฎ ๐˜ช๐˜ด ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ข๐˜ฃ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ข๐˜จ๐˜ข๐˜ช๐˜ฏ. ๐Ÿคทโ€โ™‚๏ธ
9) 2๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐˜€๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฑ๐˜† with one of the most fascinating videos I have seen which describes the observation of complex interconnected membrane structures that are visibly connected to a membrane derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
10) The 3D rendering demonstrates the accumulation of mitochondria at the outer edges of the replication complex.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/Pโ€ฆ
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More from @ejustin46

Apr 16
๐—ก๐—ฒ๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ถ๐—ป๐˜ƒ๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐—ป๐—ฒ๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐˜๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ฝ๐—ถ๐˜€๐—บ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐—ฆ๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ฆ-๐—–๐—ข๐—ฉ-2 ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ณ๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป

sciencedirect.com/science/articlโ€ฆ
Image
2) SARS-CoV-2 causes a variety of neurological manifestations in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and neuropsychiatric conditions.
The mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 enters and spreads in the nervous Image
3) ... system are still being studied. Potential routes include direct infection of olfactory or cranial nerves followed by retrograde transport to the brain, or entry through the bloodstream by crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Read 6 tweets
Apr 15
๐™…๐™ช๐™จ๐™ฉ ๐™– ๐™ฆ๐™ช๐™ž๐™˜๐™  ๐™ง๐™š๐™ข๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™™๐™š๐™ง: ๐™๐™๐™š๐™ง๐™š ๐™ž๐™จ ๐™„๐™ˆ๐™ˆ๐™๐™‰๐™Š๐™‡๐™Š๐™‚๐™„๐˜พ๐˜ผ๐™‡ ๐˜ฟ๐™”๐™Ž๐™๐™๐™‰๐˜พ๐™๐™„๐™Š๐™‰ ๐™–๐™›๐™ฉ๐™š๐™ง ๐™„๐™‰๐™๐™€๐˜พ๐™๐™„๐™Š๐™‰, ๐™š๐™ซ๐™š๐™ฃ ๐™ข๐™ž๐™ก๐™™ ๐™ฉ๐™ค ๐™ข๐™ค๐™™๐™š๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™š

(๐˜ฑ๐˜ถ๐˜ฃ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ด๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ 2022, ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ 2023, ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ๐˜ฅ๐˜ข๐˜บ) Image
2) The study looked at a cohort of 147 individuals who were part of a longitudinal study following mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection.
31 individuals were classified as having Long COVID (LC) based on persistent fatigue, dyspnea ...
nature.com/articles/s4159โ€ฆ
3) or chest pain at 4 months post-infection. They were matched with 31 asymptomatic controls (MC).
At 4 months, levels of type I interferons (IFN-ฮฒ, IFN-ฮป1), CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-8 and sTIM-3 were significantly elevated in both LC and MC groups compared to individuals ... Image
Read 6 tweets
Apr 15
๐—ช๐—ต๐˜† ๐—–๐—ข๐—ฉ๐—œ๐——-19 ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐˜๐—ถ๐—ฏ๐—ผ๐—ฑ๐—ถ๐—ฒ๐˜€ ๐—ณ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ ๐—พ๐˜‚๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ธ๐—น๐˜† ?

academic.oup.com/jid/advance-arโ€ฆ
Image
2) In this brief report, researchers looked at 20 individuals who previously had COVID-19 but were never vaccinated. Bone marrow samples and plasma were collected to analyze antibody-producing cells. Image
3) Two specific cell populations (subsets B and D) that secrete antibodies were analyzed using ELISPOT assays for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and tetanus antigen.ย 
Subset D is thought to represent long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) responsible for durable antibody responses.
Read 7 tweets
Apr 15
๐—•๐—˜๐—ช๐—”๐—ฅ๐—˜ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐— ๐—ฝ๐—ผ๐˜… ๐˜„๐—ต๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ต ๐—ฐ๐—ผ๐—ป๐˜๐—ถ๐—ป๐˜‚๐—ฒ๐˜€ ๐˜๐—ผ ๐— ๐—จ๐—ง๐—”๐—ง๐—˜ ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐˜„๐—ต๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ต ๐—ต๐—ฎ๐˜€ ๐—ก๐—ข๐—ง ๐——๐—œ๐—ฆ๐—”๐—ฃ๐—ฃ๐—˜๐—”๐—ฅ๐—˜๐——

Mpox is a dangerous virus which can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections ... Image
2) These infections may lead to complications such as cellulitis (skin infection), abscesses, or pneumonia.
It can cause eye infections, which may result in conjunctivitis (pink eye) or corneal ulcers, can lead to respiratory distress, including difficulty breathing or pneumonia Image
3) It can cause scarring. The rash caused by monkeypox may leave scars on the skin, particularly if the blisters become infected or are scratched excessively. In rare cases, monkeypox can affect the central nervous system, leading to encephalitis or meningitis. Image
Read 7 tweets
Apr 15
๐™๐™€๐™„๐™‰๐™๐™€๐˜พ๐™๐™„๐™Š๐™‰๐™Ž. ๐™๐™๐™ž๐™จ ๐™ฌ๐™–๐™จ ๐™ช๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ก ๐™™๐™š๐™˜. 2022. ๐™’๐™๐™š๐™ง๐™š ๐™–๐™ง๐™š ๐™ฌ๐™š ๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™™๐™–๐™ฎ ?

This report analyzed data reported by 18 U.S. jurisdictions from Sept. 2021 to Dec. 2022 and found that as new SARS-CoV-2 variants like Omicron ... cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/7โ€ฆ
Image
2) ...emerged with increased transmissibility and immune evasion, the percentage of reported reinfections among all COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths substantially increased.
Younger adults aged 18-49 experienced higher percentages of reinfections and ...
3) ...reinfection-associated severe outcomes compared to older age groups, especially later in 2022.
The median time interval between infections decreased significantly when the highly transmissible BA.4/BA.5 variant emerged in mid-2022 and more previous infections were from ...
Read 7 tweets
Apr 15
๐—ฅ๐—ฒ๐˜€๐—ถ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐˜ ๐˜๐—ถ๐˜€๐˜€๐˜‚๐—ฒ ๐— ๐—”๐—–๐—ฅ๐—ข๐—ฃ๐—›๐—”๐—š๐—˜๐—ฆ
(๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ๐˜ธ ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ถ๐˜ฅ๐˜บ H/t @outbreakupdates)

Macrophages encompass a highly diverse set of cells abundantly present in every tissue and organ.
โ–ถ๏ธ Resident tissue macrophages (RTMs) are a type of macrophages that reside long-term..
2) ... in specific tissues and organs. They help maintain tissue homeostasis through specialized roles like regulating immune responses, clearing cellular debris, producing growth factors, and participating in metabolic processes.
โ–ถ๏ธ Monocyte-derived macrophages: These originate Image
3) ...from circulating monocytes that enter tissues, differentiate, and adopt more short-term roles like immune responses and repair.
โ–ถ๏ธ Inflammation-associated macrophages (iMacs): Subsets of monocyte-derived macrophages involved in acute/chronic inflammation. Image
Read 12 tweets

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