The earliest known calendar was developed in ancient Egypt around 4236 BC. It was a lunar calendar of 12 months of 30 days each. Seasons were tracked but not named.
2) Ancient civilizations first divided the year into periods based on agricultural cycles ("season" in latin means the action of sowing) and weather patterns long before formal calendars existed.
3) In all ancient civilizations, men knew that time can be divided in this interplay between environmental conditions and human action.
Likewise a seasonal disease is an infectious illness that shows a pattern of increase and decrease in incidence over the course of a year ...
4) ... related to factors as :
โถ๏ธ a particular season.
โถ๏ธ changes in temperature, humidity, rainfall, etc. which can affect the transmission of the causative pathogen outside the body.
โถ๏ธ Seasonal variation in human behavior like indoor or outdoor crowding, school terms, ...
5) COVID-19 is not a flu, is not endemic but pandemic, and involves several factors, viral, environmental and behavioral.
This does not mean, however, that COVID-19 does not follow regular cycles with relatively stable spacing between waves and, that the factors we have cited ...
6) ... are not correlated with the increase in cases.
The word "season" remains interesting, if it is used in a more subtle definition, which takes into account the complexity of the factors which are at play.
2) SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibits oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the mitochondria, resulting in increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This ROS stabilizes HIF-1ฮฑ and redirects cellular metabolism.
3) Elevated HIF-1ฮฑ induces glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and mTORC1 to generate substrates for viral replication from glycolysis and glutaminolysis intermediates. Inhibiting these pathways impairs viral growth.
2) SARS-CoV-2 causes a variety of neurological manifestations in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and neuropsychiatric conditions.
The mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 enters and spreads in the nervous
3) ... system are still being studied. Potential routes include direct infection of olfactory or cranial nerves followed by retrograde transport to the brain, or entry through the bloodstream by crossing the blood-brain barrier.
2) The study looked at a cohort of 147 individuals who were part of a longitudinal study following mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection.
31 individuals were classified as having Long COVID (LC) based on persistent fatigue, dyspnea ... nature.com/articles/s4159โฆ
3) or chest pain at 4 months post-infection. They were matched with 31 asymptomatic controls (MC).
At 4 months, levels of type I interferons (IFN-ฮฒ, IFN-ฮป1), CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-8 and sTIM-3 were significantly elevated in both LC and MC groups compared to individuals ...
2) In this brief report, researchers looked at 20 individuals who previously had COVID-19 but were never vaccinated. Bone marrow samples and plasma were collected to analyze antibody-producing cells.
3) Two specific cell populations (subsets B and D) that secrete antibodies were analyzed using ELISPOT assays for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and tetanus antigen.ย
Subset D is thought to represent long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) responsible for durable antibody responses.
Mpox is a dangerous virus which can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections ...
2) These infections may lead to complications such as cellulitis (skin infection), abscesses, or pneumonia.
It can cause eye infections, which may result in conjunctivitis (pink eye) or corneal ulcers, can lead to respiratory distress, including difficulty breathing or pneumonia
3) It can cause scarring. The rash caused by monkeypox may leave scars on the skin, particularly if the blisters become infected or are scratched excessively. In rare cases, monkeypox can affect the central nervous system, leading to encephalitis or meningitis.
This report analyzed data reported by 18 U.S. jurisdictions from Sept. 2021 to Dec. 2022 and found that as new SARS-CoV-2 variants like Omicron ... cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/7โฆ
2) ...emerged with increased transmissibility and immune evasion, the percentage of reported reinfections among all COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths substantially increased.
Younger adults aged 18-49 experienced higher percentages of reinfections and ...
3) ...reinfection-associated severe outcomes compared to older age groups, especially later in 2022.
The median time interval between infections decreased significantly when the highly transmissible BA.4/BA.5 variant emerged in mid-2022 and more previous infections were from ...