At the Battle of Nájera in 1367, French noble Bertrand du Guesclin tried to warn the Castilians not to attack English longbowmen with light cavalry.
When they didn't listen to him, he replied,
"So be it then. But these are the best soldiers and fiercest warriors in this world."
As a result the Castilian light cavalry suffered heavy losses from English arrows, and the Castilian army was eventually outflanked by elite Gascon mercenaries.
Du Guesclin was well aware of the dangers of longbowmen as he faced them before in battles such as Auray in 1364.
At Auray, Bertrand du Guesclin was captured and his French contingent suffered a bitter defeat against the Anglo-Breton forces during the War of the Breton Succession.
During the battle, Guesclin and his troops found themselves under rain of arrows from English archers!
But prior to that, Guesclin was already able to deal with the longbowmen at the Battle of Cocherel in 1364.
At Cocherel, the French beat the Anglo-Navarresse army by drawing it out of its defensive positions by retreating towards the bridge.
This was also one of the best ways to fight the longbowmen, taking them out of their comfort zone and force them to move around the battlefield where they could be ambushed.
But impetuous medieval armies were often unable or unwilling to commit to such patient tactical plan.
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It's incredible how many inns and hotels in Austria and Germany still bear names such as Zur Post.
This is a remnant of the Imperial postal service created in 16th century by the Taxis family!
The Taxis established a network of inns which provided fresh horses for couriers! 🧵
The growing Habsburg Empire was in need of a better communication system in 16th century.
They commissioned the Taxis family which had historically provided couriers for the Duchy of Milan in Italy to establish a postal service in the Empire and beyond!
The Taxis managed to develop a very efficient system which was basically the first modern postal service with fixed schedules and transporting private mail.
They did this by recruiting wealthy innkeepers into their service who provided horses, lodging and food for couriers.
This cannonball in Nice was fired by the Ottomans during their siege of this city in 1543!
This siege was a result of French-Ottoman alliance and one of many joint operations they conducted against Habsburgs and their allies in the Mediterranean. 🧵
The Franco-Ottoman alliance was a result of the growing power of the Habsburgs which had encircled France due to their dynastic possessions in both Spain and Holy Roman Empire.
The alliance was proposed by King Francis I following the disastrous French defeat at Pavia in 1525.
This alliance was seen as controversial at the time, as it involved a Catholic monarchy allying with a Muslim empire which was invading other Catholic lands.
The Ottomans would soon defeat the Kingdom of Hungary in 1526 and become direct neighbors of Habsburgs.
16-17th centuries were more "medieval" than the actual Middle Ages, in terms of negative associations people have with the term medieval.
Constant wars, witch hunts, plagues, inquisition, religious violence...
All of these more common in 16-17th centuries than Middle Ages. 🧵
The 16-17th centuries were a specific time in European history when society was slowly transitioning from a medieval decentralized one to modern states.
This was an important step towards modernity, but one that brought with it a lot of problems and unprecedented violence.
The increasingly centralized governments were able to use state power more effectively and European monarchies grew in power.
But their interests were clashing with each other leading to a series of prolonged and very intense military conflicts all over Europe.
One of the underrated aspects of European history is how the industrial revolution made wars much less brutal.
Early modern wars basically revolved around unleashing thousands of starving violent mercenaries on civilian population, bringing with them hunger and diseases.