2) Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, has been proposed as a potential driver of organ damage in COVID-19 and the post-COVID trajectory of aging and neurodegeneration.
3) COVID-19 infection promotes several events that can lead to ferroptosis, including neuroinflammation, iron dysregulation, oxidative stress, ACE2 receptor disruption, and clock gene alteration.
4) Melatonin has properties that allow it to address all of these ferroptosis-promoting factors. It is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, iron chelator, and modulator of the renin-angiotensin system and clock genes
5) Melatonin has shown effectiveness against viral infections, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's in both experimental and clinical research.
This review proposes ferroptosis...
6) ... as a key mechanism behind post-COVID aging/neurodegeneration and presents melatonin as a potential treatment due to its unique ability to inhibit ferroptosis through multiple mechanisms. More research is needed to validate this hypothesis.
7) In summary, the paper puts forth the novel proposition that ferroptosis contributes to long-term issues seen after COVID-19, and identifies melatonin as a promising intervention given its multi-targeted effects against ferroptosis.
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2) Endogenous retroviruses (ERVS) are genetic elements that are derived from ancient retroviral infections and are integrated into the genome of a host organism. Retroviruses are a type of RNA virus that has the ability to convert their RNA genome into DNA and ...
3) ... integrate it into the host cell's genome. When retroviruses infect germ cells (sperm or egg cells), the viral DNA can be passed on to subsequent generations.
2) When SARS-COV-2 enters the body, many components of the immune system, recognize it as foreign and mount a response to eliminate it.
3) For laymen, it is not always easy to "navigate" among all the abbreviations used. In this thread, we will try to offer a quick overview of some of the key elements of the immune system and their differences.
2)"Therapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies"
Current treatment strategies for COVID-19 can be classified into "target virus" and "target host" categories. Repurposing existing drugs, emerging drugs .. nature.com/articles/s4139โฆ
3) ...and promising potential targets fall under these categories.
For the host, ACE2 receptor, TMPRSS2 protease, inflammatory cytokines and their pathways, CD147, and HMGB1 are potential therapeutic targets based on their roles in viral entry/pathogenesis/excessive inflammation.
2) SARS-CoV-2 infects the nervous system through several potential routes like the olfactory epithelium pathway, blood-brain barrier, lateral ventricles/choroid plexus, and vagus nerve pathway. This could lead to long-term neurological effects.
3) Imaging tools like MRI, FDG-PET can assess severity of neurodegenerative diseases in long COVID patients and correlate metabolic changes with symptoms. EEG may serve as a biomarker by detecting abnormal frontal cortex activity.
The pathophysiology of infection and PASC is complex and multifactorial, involving direct organ damage from virus infection ..
2) ...immune system dysregulation, autoimmune responses, microthrombosis, and persistent viral proteins/inflammation.
Multiple functions and organs are commonly impacted include lungs (pulmonary fibrosis, vascular dysfunction), heart (myocarditis, microvascular damage),
3) ...brain (neuroinflammation, autonomic dysfunction), gut (microbiome changes), kidneys, blood (hypercoagulability), and skin.
In these tables, there are the systems affected, the number of patients, their characteristics, symptoms and so many reference studies.
2) This study describes a mathematical model developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada to estimate COVID-19 importation risk (number of infected travelers arriving) at Canadian airports from international travel between July-November 2021.
3) The model incorporates detailed travel volume data, global COVID epidemiological data, vaccination/ immunity levels, and pre-departure testing requirements for travelers.
Model results estimate a total of 7,863 infected travelers entered Canada during this period.