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Cat in the Hat 🐈‍⬛ 🎩 🇬🇧 Profile picture
@_CatintheHat
Apr 22, 2024 • 11 tweets • 5 min read • Read on X
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COVID’S EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

🔥 This is an excellent series of graphics from @YaleSPH explaining what we do (and don’t) know about Covid’s effect on the immune system.

Much of this is informed by the work of Dr. Akiko Iwasaki (@VirusesImmunity).

🧵

H/t @fitterhappierAJ Image
This fantastic series of graphics have come from a Facebook post by Yale School of Public Health at the link below:

facebook.com/10006428075591…
Image
LASTING IMPACT

▪️Growing research shows infection with SARS-CoV-2 can create lasting differences in some people's immune systems. Image
THIS LOOKS LIKE...

1. Altered immune system cells which are more inflammatory.

2. Viral reservoirs and fragments which can set off a continuing immune response.

3. Immune dysregulation & chronic inflammation

4. Triggered autoimmune conditions, blood clots & latent viruses Image
▪️5-20% of people develop lingering symptoms or new health conditions after infection, called Long COVID.

▪️As of the CDC's latest count in March 2024, 30% of all American adults who've had COVID have experienced Long COVID. Image
▪️The more COVID-19 vaccine doses you get, the lower the risk of Long COVID.

▪️The more reinfections you have, the higher the risk. Image
172% INCREASED RISK

▪️The risk of developing an autoimmune disease rose by up to 172% after infection, per a study following people from 2020 to 2022.

▪️Up-to-date COVID-19 vaccination can reduce the likelihood of developing an autoimmune condition after infection. Image
OTHER ILLNESSES

▪️SARS-CoV-2 can also activate other viruses that have been lying dormant, like Epstein-Barr and herpes viruses.

▪️Studies have found kids with prior COVID-19 infections had a greater risk of RSV infections. Image
49% OF COVID INFECTIONS ARE ASYMPTOMATIC…

…which means you may not know if you are actually sick.

This is why it's important to take a multilayered approach to protect yourselves & others:

▪️Masks
▪️HEPA air filtration
▪️Good ventilation
▪️Up-to-date vax
▪️Rapid tests Image
WHAT WE DON'T KNOW

1. The long-term impact on other illnesses

2. Why some people's conditions persist

3. What diagnostics and therapies can help restore the immune system Image
Link to Facebook post by Yale School of Public Health:



You can also find a link to all the graphics & source citations from the graphics in pdf format below (kindly compiled by Jean Du Pays on Facebook) ⬇️

facebook.com/10006428075591…
pdflink.to/yale-covid-19-…


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More from @_CatintheHat

Cat in the Hat 🐈‍⬛ 🎩 🇬🇧 Profile picture
Jan 4
COVID & CHILD DEVELOPMENT

New US study showing impact on child brain development when their mothers are infected with COVID during pregnancy.

Results show:
🔎 Structural differences in regions of the brain
🔎Lower cognition & social-emotional scores

sciencedirect.com/science/articl… x.com/harryspoelstra…Image
And here’s another study, this time from Brazil (published Jun 2025), which also shows the impact of maternal COVID infection on child development.

At 24 months:
🔎 36% of infants exhibited cognitive delays
🔎 64% communication delays
🔎 57% motor delays

nature.com/articles/s4139…Image
And another study, just published this week (Jan 2026) in ‘Obstetrics & Gynecology’, came to similar conclusions…

“Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental diagnoses by age 3 years”.

journals.lww.com/greenjournal/f… x.com/jama_current/s…Image
Read 4 tweets
Cat in the Hat 🐈‍⬛ 🎩 🇬🇧 Profile picture
Dec 17, 2025
“When it comes to flu, the focus is often on droplet transmission, but there’s also evidence of aerosol transmission. That means that ventilation & air filtration are HUGELY important.

“Are the Govt looking to improve that to help deal with all the respiratory infections?”

/1
It’s absolutely brilliant to hear Baroness Bennett raising this crucial question in the House of Lords this week.

Thank you, @natalieben 🙏🏻

You can read a transcript of the full question and response received below ⬇️



/2 hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2025-12-…Image
Given the shocking state of ventilation in UK hospitals ⬇️…

3/
Read 4 tweets
Cat in the Hat 🐈‍⬛ 🎩 🇬🇧 Profile picture
Dec 11, 2025
This feels like an important breakthrough moment…

On the BBC News this evening, Medical Editor @BBCFergusWalsh clearly stated:

“As for facemasks, simple surgical masks are *not* good at stopping viruses. You really need a properly fitted tight respirator mask for that”…

/1
…which begs the question, why does the NHS infection control guidance STILL only recommend surgical masks for treating patients with airborne viruses like flu & Covid… and not proper FFP3 masks?

Even Baroness Hallett was rather perplexed by this during the Covid Inquiry.

/2
The IPC experts (Dr Warne & Dr Shin) who provided independent specialist advice to the Covid Inquiry both stated that IPC guidelines should be updated to recommend routine use of FFP3 masks when caring for patients with ANY respiratory virus.

So why has this not been done?

/3
Read 7 tweets
Cat in the Hat 🐈‍⬛ 🎩 🇬🇧 Profile picture
Dec 10, 2025
CEO, NHS Providers, @danielelkeles:

“It’s a v nasty variant of flu that we have this year.”

“We need to get back into the habit that, if you’re coughing & sneezing […] then you must wear a mask when you’re in public spaces.”

I’m so pleased to hear Daniel promoting masks BUT…
…I have 3 questions for @danielelkeles:

1️⃣ He only mentions that people who are sick “must wear a mask in public spaces”…

…but why did he not also suggest that people who are *not* sick should wear a mask to prevent themselves getting sick in the first place?!

Like this ⬇️ Image
2️⃣ Why didn’t @danielelkeles mention FFP masks?

Surgical masks DON’T protect against airborne transmission of flu.

“Live viruses could be detected in the air behind ALL surgical masks tested. By contrast, properly fitted respirators could provide at least a 100-fold reduction.” Image
Read 5 tweets
Cat in the Hat 🐈‍⬛ 🎩 🇬🇧 Profile picture
Dec 8, 2025
UK ‘SUPERFLU’ OUTBREAK

Schools in England & Wales have been forced to close amid escalating flu outbreaks with hundreds of pupils off sick at a time.

Simon Kidwell, headteacher of Hartford Manor Primary told BBC Breakfast: “The winter bugs spread really easily in schools”…

/1
Headteacher Simon Kidwell is not wrong.

Children are crammed into poorly ventilated classrooms, shoulder-to-shoulder with up to 29 other kids, for around 6 hours a day, 5 days a week.

It’s the perfect environment for airborne diseases to spread…

/2 Image
We had a big wave of Covid in Sept/Oct, followed in very quick succession by the current wave of flu and RSV.

It’s been one perpetual cycle of illness hammering schools.

I often hear people say: “oh, but it’s always been like this”.

But it *hasn’t* always been like this.

/3 Image
Read 18 tweets
Cat in the Hat 🐈‍⬛ 🎩 🇬🇧 Profile picture
Dec 4, 2025
NHS England: “It will not be possible to halt the spread of a new pandemic virus, and it would be a waste of public health resources and capacity to attempt to do so.”

This has got to be one of the most 🤯 things I’ve ever seen written down in an official document. Image
And this is an important point from @mdc_martinus ⬇️

The NHS constitution states that they’re meant to PREVENT health problems…

…so how can their pandemic response strategy say it’d be a WASTE of public health resources to attempt to halt the spread of a new pandemic virus?!
@mdc_martinus Here is the full letter from CATA (an alliance of medical organisations, royal colleges & trade unions) raising the alarm about the NHS pandemic response strategy to the Chair of the Covid Inquiry.

For more details, please read the excellent thread from @cv_cev linked below ⬇️ Image
Read 5 tweets

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