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Apr 22, 2024 โ€ข 10 tweets โ€ข 4 min read โ€ข Read on X
๐—ง๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ฝ๐—ฒ๐˜‚๐˜๐—ถ๐—ฐ ๐˜๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ด๐—ฒ๐˜๐˜€ ๐—ณ๐—ผ๐—ฟ ๐—–๐—ข๐—ฉ๐—œ๐——-19

2 ๐˜ธ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ง๐˜ถ๐˜ญ ๐˜ด๐˜ต๐˜ถ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ฉ ๐˜จ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ข๐˜ต ๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ด๐˜ถ๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ด๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ด, ๐˜ง๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ ๐˜ข ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ถ๐˜ต๐˜ญ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฌ ๐Ÿค— Image
2)"Therapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies"

Current treatment strategies for COVID-19 can be classified into "target virus" and "target host" categories. Repurposing existing drugs, emerging drugs .. nature.com/articles/s4139โ€ฆ
Image
3) ...and promising potential targets fall under these categories.
For the host, ACE2 receptor, TMPRSS2 protease, inflammatory cytokines and their pathways, CD147, and HMGB1 are potential therapeutic targets based on their roles in viral entry/pathogenesis/excessive inflammation. Image
4) Future directions include focusing on more promising targets, strengthening multi-disciplinary cooperation, addressing gaps between preclinical/clinical research, and monitoring viral mutations. A combination of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies may be most effective. Image
5) For vaccines ... Image
6) "Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned"
nature.com/articles/s4157โ€ฆ
Image
7) Potential therapeutic targets include viral proteins like spike, protease, RNA polymerase, and host proteins involved in viral entry/ immunopathology. Various agents have shown anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in preclinical/clinical studies, but most require further development. Image
8) Treatment strategies aim to administer antiviral drugs early to outpatients, while immunomodulators may benefit severely ill inpatients. Treating long COVID remains challenging due to its unclear mechanisms. Development of pan-coronavirus therapies is another priority area. Image
9) Overall, while progress has been made, more convenient and broadly effective antiviral therapies are still needed to effectively tackle COVID-19 and future coronavirus outbreaks, including those targeting key viral proteins and able to counter emerging variants. Image
10) Thanks for reading ๐Ÿ™ and have a wonderful sunday ๐Ÿค— Image

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More from @ejustin46

Nov 16
Unlocking the Secrets: A Comprehensive Megathread on Key Virus Subtypes of Human and Avian Influenza !"๐Ÿงต

First, a quick overview of the different subtypes:

HUMAN INFLUENZA
H1N1 : The 2009 pandemic strain, which continues to circulate
... Image
2) H3N2: Strain spreading fast actually and causing significant morbidity
H6N1: Notable for potential human impact.

AVIAN INFLUENZA :
H5N1: High pathogenicity, zoonotic concerns.
H3N8: Emerging strain of interest.
H7N9: Associated with human infections, sporadic outbreaks. Image
3) H5N8: Emerging strain with health implications.
H5N6: Recent cases in birds and humans.
H7N7: Impact on poultry and occasional human cases.
H9N2: Common in birds, history of human infections. Image
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Nov 15
A DANGEROUS H3N2 AND SARS-COV-2 COCKTAIL?

There's a French saying, "Itโ€™s no use being right if youโ€™re the only one who believes it." Regarding H3N2, which is spreading rapidly, we've sounded the alarm multiple times. However, perhaps discussing it too early is of little value ๐Ÿ˜ Image
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Nov 15
**MERS: The Forgotten Virus**

I have always been wary of this virus, perhaps because it belongs to the coronavirus family. Despite its significance, it rarely makes headlines. Over the past three years, there have been 2,658 reported cases, resulting in 958 deaths ... Image
2) ...figures that only reflect confirmed cases.

So why should we remain cautious about MERS? This megathread aims to provide some answers. ecdc.europa.eu/en/publicationโ€ฆImage
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Nov 12
"Understanding Viral Evolution: The Shift and Drift Dynamics of Influenza and SARS-CoV-2"
(2nd part)

Antigenic drift and shift are key concepts in virology, particularly for influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Image
2) Drift refers to small genetic mutations over time, while shift involves major changes, often through reassortment.
For instance, seasonal flu viruses undergo drift, leading to new strains each year. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits drift but ... Image
3) ...infrequently undergoes shift, making it relatively stable compared to influenza.
Recent research highlights that shift for coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV-2, can occur through recombination with other coronaviruses, such as MERS-CoV. Image
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Nov 12
"NEW FLU VIRUS MUTATION could see WORST SEASON in a DECADE"

Insights for understanding SARS-COV-2 (1st part) ๐Ÿค”
Thanks to @mryoung151
for the article bbc.com/news/articles/โ€ฆ
2) Let's start with an overview of this article.
A newly mutated H3N2 influenza virus strain has emerged unexpectedly during summer, raising concerns about a potentially severe flu season, possibly the worst in a decade. Image
3) This strain's mutations, linked to an antigenic shift, enable it to evade existing immunity and increase its spread, with an estimated R of 1.4. Though the current flu vaccine may offer limited protection, health officials emphasize the importance of antiviral treatments and.. Image
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Nov 11
But WHO ARE ALL THESE DEAD PEOPLE that NO ONE is TALK ABOUT?

Imagine if every day in Europe, three or four planes carrying 180 passengers each were to crash, leaving no survivors, and yet no one talked about it. This troubling silence isn't just a European phenomenon; Image
2) it extends to many countries around the globe.

Looking back at the period from 2015 to 2019, the European community recorded about 5 million deaths each yearโ€”a figure that, while varying slightly depending on the sources, remained relatively stable. Image
3) However, during the three major pandemic waves from 2020 to 2023, the death toll surged, indicating a significant excess mortality (the difference between reported deaths and expected deaths). Image
Read 8 tweets

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