Emmanuel Profile picture
Apr 30 โ€ข 16 tweets โ€ข 7 min read โ€ข Read on X
๐™ƒ5๐™‰1 ๐˜ผ๐™‘๐™„๐˜ผ๐™‰ ๐™„๐™‰๐™๐™‡๐™๐™€๐™‰๐™•๐˜ผ :
๐™ƒ๐™ค๐™ฌ ๐™ƒ5๐™‰1 ๐™ž๐™จ ๐™๐™๐˜ผ๐™‰๐™Ž๐™ˆ๐™„๐™๐™๐™€๐˜ฟ ?
๐™’๐™๐™–๐™ฉ ๐™–๐™ง๐™š ๐™ฉ๐™๐™š ๐™๐™„๐™Ž๐™† ๐™›๐™ค๐™ง ๐™ƒ๐™๐™ˆ๐˜ผ๐™‰๐™Ž ?
(1๐˜ด๐˜ต ๐˜ฑ๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ต)
... qnd why the nb of humans cases are underestimated, and consequently the fatality rate overestimated ? Image
2) We would first like to take a step back, and remember that the circulation of H*N* is an ancient story :

Fig. Possible origins of pandemic influenza viruses. Phylogenetic studies suggest that an avian influenza virus was transmitted to humans, leading to the 1918 pandemic Image
3) For the H5N1 that we have been following for a long time, the clade we are currently talking about emerged in 2021 ! Image
4) To understand how we got here, I recommend also the very well done document from the CDC :
cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/tโ€ฆ



Image
Image
Image
Image
5) For those like me, who are passionate about zoonoses, we recommend also this reference work
journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmโ€ฆ
Image
6) ...with very well done graphics on structure of influenza A virus virions or the models for the generation of pandemic influenza virus strains in pigs.
Image
Image
7) Contrary to what we have read recently, the risk is not in the transmission of the virus from animals to humans, but in a mutation of the virus allowing transmission between humans.
Except we are only 1 mutation away from this happening ๐Ÿค”
8) It is very likely that this could happen with the PB2 protein, which is one of the 3 polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1, PA) that make up the influenza virus.
A mutation in this protein could help compensate for insufficient human adaptation of H5N1
journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvโ€ฆ
Image
9) It is this PB2 adaptation that we must follow closely
10) ...knowing that the virus spread all over the world quickly
13) In conclusion of this 1st part, for my friends @0bj3ctivity
@GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64
@Alitis__ who pushed me to write this thread ๐Ÿค— and for those who follow me,
๐™จ๐™ค๐™ข๐™š ๐™œ๐™ค๐™ค๐™™ ๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™ ๐™—๐™–๐™™ ๐™ฃ๐™š๐™ฌ๐™จ:
โ–ถ๏ธ Good news : Egypt, for example, succeeded to manage in 2014 ... Image
@0bj3ctivity @GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64 @Alitis__ 14) ...by eliminating all contaminated animals (sorry for animal lovers). This was possible because the infectivity rate is similar to other influenza viruses.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/Pโ€ฆ
Image
@0bj3ctivity @GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64 @Alitis__ 15) โ–ถ๏ธ Bad news : A study that has just been published despite many limitations, shows that cats have died after drinking contaminated milk. If it is confirmed (and I would have been wrong as I didn't believe it) we will no longer have to drink raw milk.
wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30โ€ฆ
@0bj3ctivity @GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64 @Alitis__ 16) โ–ถ๏ธ Good news : we haven't yet found the mutation, that would allow the transmission between humans has not been found
โ–ถ๏ธ Bad news : If mortality rate is lower, it is because the nb of cases is underestimated. It means H5N1 already circulates already in humans.

A bientot ๐Ÿ™‹โ€โ™‚๏ธ

โ€ข โ€ข โ€ข

Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to force a refresh
ใ€€

Keep Current with Emmanuel

Emmanuel Profile picture

Stay in touch and get notified when new unrolls are available from this author!

Read all threads

This Thread may be Removed Anytime!

PDF

Twitter may remove this content at anytime! Save it as PDF for later use!

Try unrolling a thread yourself!

how to unroll video
  1. Follow @ThreadReaderApp to mention us!

  2. From a Twitter thread mention us with a keyword "unroll"
@threadreaderapp unroll

Practice here first or read more on our help page!

More from @ejustin46

May 2
๐™๐™๐™š ๐™ข๐™ž๐™จ๐™ช๐™ฃ๐™™๐™š๐™ง๐™จ๐™ฉ๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™œ ๐™ค๐™› ๐™–๐™ฃ ๐™–๐™ง๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™˜๐™ก๐™š ๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™ ๐™– ๐™จ๐™ฉ๐™ช๐™™๐™ฎ ๐™ค๐™ฃ ๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™›๐™š๐™˜๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ ๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™ ๐™ž๐™ข๐™ข๐™ช๐™ฃ๐™š ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ง๐™ง๐™š๐™ก๐™–๐™ฉ๐™š

We must first return to the objective of this study, because we cannot make accusations of intention to scientists, ...
Image
Image
2) ...when this ๐—ผ๐—ฏ๐—ท๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ is clearly defined :
โ–ถ๏ธ Determine the effects of a pre-alpha SARS-CoV-2 virus, to measure if there is aย  protective immunity, induced by homologous vaccination and homologous or heterologous infection .ย 
They could have done it with a recent .. Image
3) ... variant but it was not the objective of this study.
๐—œ๐—ป๐—ณ๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป :
The study found a 53% infection rate in human volunteers.
Where the title of the Nature article could lead to confusion is that these infections were considered as "transcient" and ...
Read 9 tweets
May 2
๐˜ผ "๐™‹๐™Š๐™Ž๐™„๐™๐™„๐™‘๐™€ ๐™€๐™ˆ๐™Š๐™๐™„๐™Š๐™‰, ๐™€๐™‰๐™‚๐˜ผ๐™‚๐™€๐™ˆ๐™€๐™‰๐™, ๐™๐™€๐™‡๐˜ผ๐™๐™„๐™Š๐™‰๐™Ž๐™ƒ๐™„๐™‹๐™Ž, ๐™ˆ๐™€๐˜ผ๐™‰๐™„๐™‰๐™‚, ๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™ ๐˜ผ๐˜พ๐˜พ๐™Š๐™ˆ๐™‹๐™‡๐™„๐™Ž๐™ƒ๐™ˆ๐™€๐™‰๐™ " ๐™–๐™ฅ๐™ฅ๐™ง๐™ค๐™–๐™˜๐™ ๐™ฉ๐™ค ๐™ข๐™–๐™ฃ๐™–๐™œ๐™š ๐™ฉ๐™๐™š ๐˜พ๐™Š๐™‘๐™„๐˜ฟ-19-๐™ง๐™š๐™ก๐™–๐™ฉ๐™š๐™™ ๐™ข๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™–๐™ก ๐™๐™š๐™–๐™ก๐™ฉ๐™ ๐™ฅ๐™ง๐™ค๐™—๐™ก๐™š๐™ข๐™จ๐Ÿค—
jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ghm/adโ€ฆ
Image
2) In psychology, the PERMA model is a well-known concept introduced by positive psychologist Martin Seligman.
This model suggests that by cultivating these elements in our lives, we can enhance our overall well-being and lead happier and more fulfilling lives. Image
3) Neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder are common among people experiencing Long COVID. This leads to reduced quality of life for patients and their families.
COVID-19-related mental health problems (CRMHPs) are of concern ...
Read 7 tweets
May 2
๐—ง๐—ฅ๐—”๐—ก๐—ฆ๐— ๐—œ๐—ฆ๐—ฆ๐—œ๐—ข๐—ก ๐——๐—ฌ๐—ก๐—”๐— ๐—œ๐—–๐—ฆ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐—”๐—ฉ๐—œ๐—”๐—ก ๐—œ๐—ก๐—™๐—Ÿ๐—จ๐—˜๐—ก๐—ญ๐—” ๐—ฉ๐—œ๐—ฅ๐—จ๐—ฆ๐—˜๐—ฆ.
๐—›9๐—ก2 ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—ฎ ๐—น๐—ถ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ ๐—ฏ๐—ถ๐—ฟ๐—ฑ ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ธ๐—ฒ๐˜

nature.com/articles/s4146โ€ฆ
Image
2) The study characterizes the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in a live bird market (LBM) in Bangladesh.
Field data on AIV positivity from a controlled experiment involving broiler chickens and backyard chickens in an LBM was fitted to the model. Image
3) The model estimated short latent periods (5.3-6 hours for broilers, 1-1.3 days for backyard chickens) and very high transmission rates, resulting in over 80% of chickens becoming infected within a day.
Many chickens, especially broilers, entered the LBM already exposed ... Image
Read 6 tweets
May 2
๐˜ผ๐™‰๐˜ผ๐™‡๐™”๐™Ž๐™„๐™Ž ๐™ค๐™› ๐™– ๐™‡๐˜ผ๐™๐™‚๐™€ ๐™’๐˜ผ๐™‘๐™€
๐˜๐˜ถ๐˜ป๐˜ฉ๐˜ฐ๐˜ถ, ๐˜Š๐˜ฉ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ข (๐˜•๐˜ฐ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฃ๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ 19, 2022โ€“๐˜๐˜ฆ๐˜ฃ๐˜ณ๐˜ถ๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜บ 9, 2023) ๐˜–๐˜ฎ๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ณ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ ๐˜‰๐˜ˆ.5.2

sciencedirect.com/science/articlโ€ฆ
Image
2) The study establishes a multi-age group
model to analyze the large COVID-19 outbreak in Fuzhou, China from November 2022 to February 2023.
The population is divided into 4 age groups based on surveillance data. Parameter values like transmission rates and ... Image
3) ...hospitalization rates are estimated by fitting the model to case data.
Basic and effective reproduction numbers are calculated using next generation matrix and EpiEstim methods. R0 is estimated at 1.57 for the total population. Image
Read 6 tweets
May 2
๐—ฆ๐—ฝ๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ฟ๐˜‚๐—บ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐—–๐—ข๐—ฉ๐—œ๐——-19 ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฑ๐˜‚๐—ฐ๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐—น๐—ถ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ท๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐˜†

SARS-CoV-2, can infect and damage liver cells. It binds to ACE2 receptors which are highly expressed on cholangiocytes (bile duct cells) and can cause direct liver injury.
wjgnet.com/1948-5182/fullโ€ฆ
Image
2) The liver is also vulnerable to indirect injury from COVID-19 through cytokine storm, hypoxic hepatitis due to respiratory failure, drug-induced liver injury from medications used to treat COVID-19, and exacerbation of pre-existing liver diseases.
3) Several studies report elevated liver enzymes like ALT and AST in 14-76% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, indicating liver dysfunction is common. More severe COVID-19 is associated with higher rates of abnormal liver tests.
Read 7 tweets
May 1
๐˜ฟ๐™ค ๐™ข๐™ค๐™—๐™ž๐™ก๐™š ๐™ฅ๐™๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™š ๐™จ๐™ช๐™ง๐™›๐™–๐™˜๐™š๐™จ ๐™˜๐™–๐™ง๐™ง๐™ฎ ๐™Ž๐˜ผ๐™๐™Ž-๐˜พ๐™ค๐™‘-2 ๐™ซ๐™ž๐™ง๐™ช๐™จ? ๐˜ผ ๐™จ๐™ฎ๐™จ๐™ฉ๐™š๐™ข๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™˜ ๐™ง๐™š๐™ซ๐™ž๐™š๐™ฌ

sciencedirect.com/science/articlโ€ฆ
Image
2) This systematic review investigated the contamination of mobile phones with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. A total of 15 studies from 10 countries were included. Image
3) Across all studies, 511 mobile phones were tested and 231 (45%) were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2. Studies were conducted mainly in healthcare settings like hospitals.
Read 5 tweets

Did Thread Reader help you today?

Support us! We are indie developers!


This site is made by just two indie developers on a laptop doing marketing, support and development! Read more about the story.

Become a Premium Member ($3/month or $30/year) and get exclusive features!

Become Premium

Don't want to be a Premium member but still want to support us?

Make a small donation by buying us coffee ($5) or help with server cost ($10)

Donate via Paypal

Or Donate anonymously using crypto!

Ethereum

0xfe58350B80634f60Fa6Dc149a72b4DFbc17D341E copy

Bitcoin

3ATGMxNzCUFzxpMCHL5sWSt4DVtS8UqXpi copy

Thank you for your support!

Follow Us!

:(