๐5๐1 ๐ผ๐๐๐ผ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ผ :
๐๐ค๐ฌ ๐5๐1 ๐๐จ ๐๐๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฟ ?
๐๐๐๐ฉ ๐๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ค๐ง ๐๐๐๐ผ๐๐ ?
(1๐ด๐ต ๐ฑ๐ข๐ณ๐ต)
... qnd why the nb of humans cases are underestimated, and consequently the fatality rate overestimated ?
2) We would first like to take a step back, and remember that the circulation of H*N* is an ancient story :
Fig. Possible origins of pandemic influenza viruses. Phylogenetic studies suggest that an avian influenza virus was transmitted to humans, leading to the 1918 pandemic
3) For the H5N1 that we have been following for a long time, the clade we are currently talking about emerged in 2021 !
4) To understand how we got here, I recommend also the very well done document from the CDC : cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/tโฆ
6) ...with very well done graphics on structure of influenza A virus virions or the models for the generation of pandemic influenza virus strains in pigs.
7) Contrary to what we have read recently, the risk is not in the transmission of the virus from animals to humans, but in a mutation of the virus allowing transmission between humans.
Except we are only 1 mutation away from this happening ๐ค
8) It is very likely that this could happen with the PB2 protein, which is one of the 3 polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1, PA) that make up the influenza virus.
A mutation in this protein could help compensate for insufficient human adaptation of H5N1 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvโฆ
9) It is this PB2 adaptation that we must follow closely
13) In conclusion of this 1st part, for my friends @0bj3ctivity
@GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64
@Alitis__ who pushed me to write this thread ๐ค and for those who follow me,
๐จ๐ค๐ข๐ ๐๐ค๐ค๐ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐๐ฌ๐จ:
โถ๏ธ Good news : Egypt, for example, succeeded to manage in 2014 ...
@0bj3ctivity @GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64 @Alitis__ 14) ...by eliminating all contaminated animals (sorry for animal lovers). This was possible because the infectivity rate is similar to other influenza viruses. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/Pโฆ
@0bj3ctivity @GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64 @Alitis__ 15) โถ๏ธ Bad news : A study that has just been published despite many limitations, shows that cats have died after drinking contaminated milk. If it is confirmed (and I would have been wrong as I didn't believe it) we will no longer have to drink raw milk. wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/30โฆ
@0bj3ctivity @GourlaySyd @DavidJoffe64 @Alitis__ 16) โถ๏ธ Good news : we haven't yet found the mutation, that would allow the transmission between humans has not been found
โถ๏ธ Bad news : If mortality rate is lower, it is because the nb of cases is underestimated. It means H5N1 already circulates already in humans.
A bientot ๐โโ๏ธ
โข โข โข
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We must first return to the objective of this study, because we cannot make accusations of intention to scientists, ...
2) ...when this ๐ผ๐ฏ๐ท๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ is clearly defined :
โถ๏ธ Determine the effects of a pre-alpha SARS-CoV-2 virus, to measure if there is aย protective immunity, induced by homologous vaccination and homologous or heterologous infection .ย
They could have done it with a recent ..
3) ... variant but it was not the objective of this study.
๐๐ป๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป :
The study found a 53% infection rate in human volunteers.
Where the title of the Nature article could lead to confusion is that these infections were considered as "transcient" and ...
2) In psychology, the PERMA model is a well-known concept introduced by positive psychologist Martin Seligman.
This model suggests that by cultivating these elements in our lives, we can enhance our overall well-being and lead happier and more fulfilling lives.
3) Neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder are common among people experiencing Long COVID. This leads to reduced quality of life for patients and their families.
COVID-19-related mental health problems (CRMHPs) are of concern ...
2) The study characterizes the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in a live bird market (LBM) in Bangladesh.
Field data on AIV positivity from a controlled experiment involving broiler chickens and backyard chickens in an LBM was fitted to the model.
3) The model estimated short latent periods (5.3-6 hours for broilers, 1-1.3 days for backyard chickens) and very high transmission rates, resulting in over 80% of chickens becoming infected within a day.
Many chickens, especially broilers, entered the LBM already exposed ...
2) The study establishes a multi-age group
model to analyze the large COVID-19 outbreak in Fuzhou, China from November 2022 to February 2023.
The population is divided into 4 age groups based on surveillance data. Parameter values like transmission rates and ...
3) ...hospitalization rates are estimated by fitting the model to case data.
Basic and effective reproduction numbers are calculated using next generation matrix and EpiEstim methods. R0 is estimated at 1.57 for the total population.
SARS-CoV-2, can infect and damage liver cells. It binds to ACE2 receptors which are highly expressed on cholangiocytes (bile duct cells) and can cause direct liver injury. wjgnet.com/1948-5182/fullโฆ
2) The liver is also vulnerable to indirect injury from COVID-19 through cytokine storm, hypoxic hepatitis due to respiratory failure, drug-induced liver injury from medications used to treat COVID-19, and exacerbation of pre-existing liver diseases.
3) Several studies report elevated liver enzymes like ALT and AST in 14-76% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, indicating liver dysfunction is common. More severe COVID-19 is associated with higher rates of abnormal liver tests.
2) This systematic review investigated the contamination of mobile phones with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. A total of 15 studies from 10 countries were included.
3) Across all studies, 511 mobile phones were tested and 231 (45%) were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2. Studies were conducted mainly in healthcare settings like hospitals.