3) The virus has a high propensity to infect mammals, including domestic cats, foxes, mink, and pinnipeds. Mammalian infections lead to severe disease and quick adaptation. Bird-to-mammal transmission is uncertain.
4) An outbreak of H5N1 was detected in dairy cattle in the USA, causing reduced milk production, severe mastitis, and mild respiratory disease. The full severity is unknown.
5) FINDINGS
A reassortment event occurred within the North American avian H5N1 2.3.4.4b viruses before the start of the cattle outbreak. The cattle sequences are all Genotype B3.13, which is a reassortant between the Eurasian panzootic H5N1 genotype and low pathogenicity ...
6) ... North American genotypes.
The cattle outbreak likely originated from a single introduction of H5N1 into cows and spread among cattle. The viruses sampled from cattle form a monophyletic clade in each genome segment, indicating cattle-to-cattle transmission.
7) The H5N1 outbreak in cattle may have gone undetected and unidentified for an extended period of time. Molecular clock estimates suggest that the virus may have been circulating in cattle for up to 5 months before it was identified.
8) The cattle outbreak may have originated in Texas, where the first ill and infected cattle were reported. The phylogenetic tree shows basal diversity sampled in Texas, but further analysis is needed to determine the movement of the virus across states.
9) The cattle H5N1 clade has several putatively adaptive substitutions in the polymerase complex, which are necessary for the virus to infect mammals. These substitutions indicate adaptation to use mammalian versions of a host protein called ANP32.
10) There is minimal evidence for a different selective regime acting within the cattle H5N1 virus clade compared to avian H5N1 viruses, except for a modest increase in the intensity of selection in the PA segment.
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2) An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus occurred in a mixed-species farm in Italy, infecting and killing laying hens. Geese, ducks and pigs in the same farm remained healthy.
While viral RNA was not detected in nasal swabs from pigs, robust seroconversion,
3) ...was observed in the pig herd as well as some geese. Antibodies detected specifically targeted the H5N1 virus strain found in the laying hens.
This provides evidence that the pigs were exposed to the H5N1 virus from the infected poultry, despite showing no clinical signs..
2) I never managed to hide my fascination ๐ค for this extraordinary apparatus, which is at the heart of cells, and which plays a major role in the replication of viruses.
3) in this new study,(not for laymen, sorry๐คทโโ๏ธ) researchers examined the binding and staining patterns of a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (hMAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, including RBD-binders PD5 and sc23 and non-RBD binders PD4 and sc29. biorxiv.org/content/10.110โฆ
2) The study compared metabolic profiles, including measures of oxidative stress, in lymphocytes from healthy controls, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients, and Long COVID (LC) patients.
3) Both ME/CFS and LC patients showed signs of elevated oxidative stress in lymphocytes compared to healthy controls, as measured by higher total reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and changes in ROS generation and clearance pathways.
2) ๐๐ก๐๐จ๐ข๐ ๐ค๐ข๐๐๐-3 ๐๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฎ ๐๐๐๐๐จ are a type of fat found in the blood. They are important for overall health and are derived from the consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish, nuts, and seeds.
3) This study investigated whether the baseline ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in 180 unvaccinated COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Sรฃo Paulo, Brazil from June to September 2020.
2) ๐พ๐ค๐ข๐ฅ๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ฉ ๐จ๐ฎ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ข is part of the innate immune system and plays an important role in the body's response. It is a group of proteins found in blood plasma that helps eliminate pathogens and damaged cells and acts as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
3) ๐๐๐ผ ๐ฃ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ค๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐๐ฎ is a kidney disease characterized by the deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the kidneys. It is the most common type of glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation) worldwide, estimated to account to 30-40% of primary glomerulonephritis cases.
2) This study investigates the mechanisms underlying T-cell lymphopenia (low T-cell counts) in severe COVID-19 patients. This is important to understand as lymphopenia correlates with worse disease outcomes.
3) They find a preferential decline in TCF1+ progenitor T-cells in the blood of severe COVID-19 patients compared to mild patients. TCF1+ cells are essential for replenishing and maintaining the T-cell pool.