2) Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was detected infecting dairy cattle herds in several states in the U.S. in early 2024, representing the first report of H5N1 in a livestock species.
3) Affected cattle displayed clinical signs like decreased appetite, respiratory distress, diarrhea, decreased milk production, and abnormal milk. Virus was detected in milk, nasal swabs, blood, and tissues of infected cows.
4) Extensive virus replication was observed in the mammary glands of infected cows, resulting in high viral loads and shedding in milk. Histological analysis and virus staining showed tropism for milk-secreting epithelial cells.
5) Virus transmission between cows was determined to be efficient based on epidemiological and genomic analysis. Virus was also transmitted to wild birds, domestic cats, and a raccoon on infected farms.
6) Genomic analysis identified a reassortment event that produced a new genotype (B3.13) with enhanced ability to infect cows. Mutations accumulated after transmission to cows.
7) Between-farm transmission occurred through livestock movement, contact with infected wild birds, and fomites/personnel movement between locations.
8) This represents the first sustained transmission of H5N1 in a livestock species. Efficient shedding and transmission in cows is a concern that could allow the virus to further adapt to mammals.
9) So in summary, this paper describes the spillover and transmission of H5N1 virus in dairy cattle herds in multiple U.S. states, highlighting its ability to cross species barriers into a new host.
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10) Other extended data
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are immune cells that produce type I interferons to fight off viruses ... biorxiv.org/content/10.110โฆ
2) They engulf pathogens, present antigens to activate immune responses, and regulate immune tolerance and inflammation. pDCs play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
2) This is a major study that we had already posted and which unfortunately went unnoticed.
We certainly lack the talent to put it forward.
So, we decided to re-write a thread that could be more accessible.
First some explanations.
CELL LINES :ACE2, TMPRSS2 Huh-7, and IGROV-1
3)- ACE2: A549-ACE2 cells are lung carcinoma A549 cells engineered to overexpress the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
- A549-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells are cells further engineered to overexpress TMPRSS2.
- Huh-7 cells are derived from a human hepatocellular ...
2) This study is first of all about a compartmental model to analyze the complex transmission dynamics of COVID-19, focusing on the Delta and Omicron variants in India. The model tracks disease progression through different population groups.
Factors like ...
3) ... vaccination, time-dependent transmission rates, COVID-19 death rates, loss of vaccine-induced immunity, and transition of asymptomatic cases to recovery are considered.
The model was validated using established epidemiological knowledge and real-world data from India.
2) ... among clinical cultures before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Most common pathogens studied were Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. Of 464 AMR results, 18% increased, 15% decreased ...
3) ...67% no change. Gram-negatives made up 69%, with 16% increased AMR, 15% decreased, and 69% no change. Gram-positives were 31%, with 24% increased, 14% decreased, 62% no change AMR.
2) A viral dynamic model was developed to characterize SARS-CoV-2 dynamics based on viral RNA and titer levels from 720 patients with COVID-19 infected with Omicron. The model used a target cell limited approach incorporating non-productive eclipse phase cells, productive cells
3) ...that produce infectious virus which can become non-infectious, and an immune response stimulated by productive cells. Model fitting estimated vaccination delayed time from infection to symptoms from 3.0 to 3.6 days and strengthened the immune effect 1.1-fold.
2) Researchers developed a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored vaccine expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a pre-fusion stabilized conformation. This chimeric spike protein contains 6 proline substitutions to stabilize it in the pre-fusion state.
3) When delivered intranasally, this NDV-PFS vaccine (expressing the pre-fusion stabilized spike protein) induced robust immune responses in Syrian hamsters and K18 mice.