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Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Jun 5

𝙒𝙝𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙉-𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙙𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙥𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝘼𝙍𝙎-𝘾𝙊𝙑-2 𝙎𝙋𝙄𝙆𝙀 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙞𝙣 ?

N-terminal loops are the regions/segments of amino acids at the end of a protein.
Thanks to @mrmickme pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35999696/

2) The SARS-CoV-2 has evolved multiple variants of concern that pose an ongoing threat during the pandemic. These variants often carry mutations in the spike protein, which mediates viral entry into cells. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of spike is genetically flexible ...

3) ...with many variants showing deletions in outward-facing loops like N2 and N3.
Lab experiments found these NTD deletions enhance entry for variants like Alpha. Deletions alone in the ancestral Wuhan strain also increased entry.

Read 7 tweets

Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Jun 5

𝙎𝘼𝙍𝙎-𝘾𝙊𝙑-2 𝙄𝙉𝙁𝙀𝘾𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙄𝙉𝘿𝙐𝘾𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉 𝙎𝙋𝙀𝙍𝙈𝘼𝙏𝙊𝙂𝙊𝙉𝙄𝘼 𝘼𝙋𝙊𝙋𝙏𝙊𝙎𝙄𝙎 😨

INDUCTION SPERMATOGONIA are stem CELLS that GIVE RISE to SPERM production in the testes
Thanks to @DavidJoffe64
link.springer.com/article/10.100…

2) COVID-19 appears to impact male fertility through infection of testicular cells. The study found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein) can invade mouse spermatogonia (GC-1) cells through interaction with the ACE2 or CD147 receptors.

3) However, spermatocytes (GC-2) were not susceptible to viral entry.
Infection led to apoptosis (programmed cell death) in GC-1 cells. Both the original S-protein and Omicron variant induced cell death through the Bax-Caspase3 pathway, rather than cell cycle arrest.

Read 7 tweets

Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Jun 4

𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗡𝗲𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗣𝗔𝗦𝗖 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗿𝘂𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

Absolutely key ! 🎯
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…

2) This study investigates long-term neurological effects in mice following SARS-CoV-2 infection. While the virus does not infect the brain, the researchers find persistent inflammation and changes in neural functioning months after recovery.

3) In the olfactory bulb, they observe decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker for dopamine production. This is accompanied by higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia cells.

Read 7 tweets

Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Jun 4

𝗔𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗔𝗥𝗦-𝗖𝗼𝗩-2 𝗶𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘀𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝗥𝗕𝗗 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗡𝗧𝗗 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗢𝗺𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

biorxiv.org/content/10.110…

2) This study analyzed antibody responses to sequential Omicron infections in vaccinated/unvaccinated individuals. While some vaccinees showed no immune imprinting, imprinting persisted after reinfections in others. Imprinting affected RBD antibodies more than NTD.

3) Unimprinted individuals produced potent Omicron antibodies, while imprinted individuals generated broadly neutralizing antibodies to ancestral and early variants but suboptimal antibodies to later Omicrons.

Read 5 tweets

Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Jun 4

𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙇𝙊𝙎𝙏 𝙁𝙄𝙂𝙃𝙏 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙑𝙄𝙍𝘼𝙇 𝘾𝙇𝙀𝘼𝙍𝘼𝙉𝘾𝙀 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙬𝙚 𝘿𝙊𝙉'𝙏 𝙃𝘼𝙑𝙀 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙍𝙄𝙂𝙃𝙏 𝙒𝘼𝙍𝙍𝙄𝙊𝙍𝙎 !

Thanks to @DavidJoffe64
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

2)This study analyzed T cell subsets in long-COVID (LC) patients compared to non-LC. Unsupervised analysis revealed increased Th17-like clusters expressing CCR6 and CCR4 in non-LC after SARS-CoV-2 stimulation. LC patients had fewer activated SARS-CoV-2-specific CCR6+ CD4+ T cells

3) They also exhibited higher Th1-like CXCR3+CCR6- and Th2-like CCR4+CCR6- SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells. Additionally, LC patients demonstrated decreased IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells upon SARS-CoV-2 spike stimulation, suggesting impaired viral control.

Read 4 tweets

Emmanuel

@ejustin46

Jun 4

𝗢-𝗴𝗹𝘆𝗰𝗼𝘀𝘆𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝘃𝗶𝗿𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀:
𝗔 𝘀𝘄𝗲𝗲𝘁 𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗼

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ml…

2) O-glycosylation is the enzymatic attachment of sugars like N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine to serine or threonine on proteins. It occurs in the Golgi or cytoplasm O-glycosylation plays roles in diverse processes in viruses and their host organisms.

3) It plays key roles across the viral life cycle, including entry, assembly, spread, and immune evasion. Studies show O-glycans on HBV, HSV, KSHV, HTLV-1, IV, and SARS-CoV-2 proteins facilitate entry, while modifications on EBOV, HCV, HIV-1, HeV help evade neutralization.

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