2) Pasteurization temperatures of 63ยฐC and 72ยฐC, representing temperatures used for low-temperature long-time and high-temperature short-time pasteurization, rapidly inactivated a panel of influenza viruses including H5N1 HPAIV when suspended in milk.
3) Infectivity of viruses declined to undetectable levels before minimum times required for pasteurization processes. Conversely, raw unpasteurized milk was shown to carry infectious influenza virus, including H5N1 HPAIV.
4) These findings indicate that pasteurization effectively eliminates infectious influenza viruses from contaminated cows' milk, but emphasize the potential risk of consuming raw milk that could contain infectious viruses if contaminated.
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N-terminal loops are the regions/segments of amino acids at the end of a protein.
Thanks to @mrmickme pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35999696/
2) The SARS-CoV-2 has evolved multiple variants of concern that pose an ongoing threat during the pandemic. These variants often carry mutations in the spike protein, which mediates viral entry into cells. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of spike is genetically flexible ...
3) ...with many variants showing deletions in outward-facing loops like N2 and N3.
Lab experiments found these NTD deletions enhance entry for variants like Alpha. Deletions alone in the ancestral Wuhan strain also increased entry.
INDUCTION SPERMATOGONIA are stem CELLS that GIVE RISE to SPERM production in the testes
Thanks to @DavidJoffe64 link.springer.com/article/10.100โฆ
2) COVID-19 appears to impact male fertility through infection of testicular cells. The study found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein) can invade mouse spermatogonia (GC-1) cells through interaction with the ACE2 or CD147 receptors.
3) However, spermatocytes (GC-2) were not susceptible to viral entry.
Infection led to apoptosis (programmed cell death) in GC-1 cells. Both the original S-protein and Omicron variant induced cell death through the Bax-Caspase3 pathway, rather than cell cycle arrest.
2) This study investigates long-term neurological effects in mice following SARS-CoV-2 infection. While the virus does not infect the brain, the researchers find persistent inflammation and changes in neural functioning months after recovery.
3) In the olfactory bulb, they observe decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker for dopamine production. This is accompanied by higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia cells.
2) This study analyzed antibody responses to sequential Omicron infections in vaccinated/unvaccinated individuals. While some vaccinees showed no immune imprinting, imprinting persisted after reinfections in others. Imprinting affected RBD antibodies more than NTD.
3) Unimprinted individuals produced potent Omicron antibodies, while imprinted individuals generated broadly neutralizing antibodies to ancestral and early variants but suboptimal antibodies to later Omicrons.
2)This study analyzed T cell subsets in long-COVID (LC) patients compared to non-LC. Unsupervised analysis revealed increased Th17-like clusters expressing CCR6 and CCR4 in non-LC after SARS-CoV-2 stimulation. LC patients had fewer activated SARS-CoV-2-specific CCR6+ CD4+ T cells
3) They also exhibited higher Th1-like CXCR3+CCR6- and Th2-like CCR4+CCR6- SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells. Additionally, LC patients demonstrated decreased IFN-ฮณ+ CD8+ T cells upon SARS-CoV-2 spike stimulation, suggesting impaired viral control.
2) O-glycosylation is the enzymatic attachment of sugars like N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine to serine or threonine on proteins. It occurs in the Golgi or cytoplasm O-glycosylation plays roles in diverse processes in viruses and their host organisms.
3) It plays key roles across the viral life cycle, including entry, assembly, spread, and immune evasion. Studies show O-glycans on HBV, HSV, KSHV, HTLV-1, IV, and SARS-CoV-2 proteins facilitate entry, while modifications on EBOV, HCV, HIV-1, HeV help evade neutralization.