Some excerpts from ''Cynophagy, homosexuality and anthropophagy in medieval Islamic North Africa as signs of hospitality'' by Mabrouk Mansouri, 2014
As Islam began to gain ground and followers in North Africa, the native populace attached themselves to the sharia of the Islamic faith.
However, some ended up walking in two worlds. The paper mostly deals with the local Amazigh people, but some influence from Carthage is noted.
Cynophagy was a relative widespread custom among the people in North Africa.
It was first mentioned in a letter from the Persian king Darius I to the Carthaginians, where he asked assistence against the Greeks and their renunciation from two of their traditions:
Eating dog wasn't conducted in times of famine or other dire situations, rather it was seen as a good thing that was giving the consumer magical powers and health.
The North African scholars like Al-Bakri and Ibn-Battuta noted said practice among the Amazigh who adhered to the Islamic faith.
However this practice was also being followed by Jews and Christians of North Africa, showing a consistency of the local populace engaging in their pre-conversion traditions.
Besides dog, wolves and lions were also eaten by various tribes of Tunisia, Libya and Algeria.
The author argues that the consumption of these animals lies in the cultural setting of the North African nomads.
Apparently the brides of North Africa ate dog to ensure their future husbands to be just as loyal and kind as how a dog would.
So would a master of the house showcases the previous mentioned attributes by feeding his guests dog meat. He basically places himself on a plate.
This kind of relationship with the dog is further emphasised in a tale that talks about women in Southern Tunisia who married dogs.
Another thing that binds dogs with Southern Tunisia is their local wine brewed in the skull of a dog and the belief that jumping over a dog's corpse will heal you from blisters on your feet.
Not all Maghrebi tribes ate dogs and some even refrained from cow.
This kind of abstinence was present in North Africa since the Bronze age as it noted that several ancient Lybian tribes would not eat cow due to their devotion to Hathor, the Egyptian goddess of motherhood.
To continue further with the notion of hospitality:
The practise of offering your body to your guest.
In order to understand said practice, the author was looking into the social environment of the Amazigh people.
The Amazigh people did not segregate men from women and proceded with said conduct to the dismay of the Arabs.
Men were free to have female companions and women were allowed to invite their male friends into their homes, regardless if her husband was present.
However the pre-islamic Arabs were not known for their segregation based on sex either.
It is stated that at various religious activities, the pre-islamic Arabs would walk around naked without any concernity from one another.
Amazigh women were very coveted and even after the conversion of many to Islam many fell victim to slavery.
This became one of the reasons for rebellions in North Africa against the Umayyad Caliphate.
Anthropophagy or cannibalism is another case of offering your body, quite literally.
Ibn-Battuta mentioned the practice in Mali.
The author also talks about an anecdote from his family.
He also concludes that while said customs are done due to cultural importance, more study needs to be conducted in order to understand all three forms of <<extreme hospitality>> from an anthropological view.
I do have a theory why Carthaginians practised cynophagy. This is going to be in a thread that I am currently researching for.
I give you a hint; it is due to the sack of Troy
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The Ute-Comanche relationship and the start of the trading wars in the Southwest: The first alliance
Today I will try to fix the unfortunate cause of misconceptions when it comes to early Comanche and general Ute history.
Both the Ute and the Comanche belong to the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language group. Comanche is a Central Numic language, while Ute, also know as Colorado River Numic, is a Southern Numic language.
The relationship between the Ute and their relatives was complicated.
We know that the Utes could join the Eastern Shoshone war societies and Shoshones like Walkara could join a Ute band. Yet even with these friendly gestures, it did not stop the Shoshone to raid their Ute relatives on occasion or vice versa.
Some tombstones from the boothill graveyard in Tombstone, Arizona.
They showcase the life the pioneers of the American frontiers had in the in the second half of the 19th century.
The Hittites loved beer and they produced several types of it.
The best thing is that we can replicate the method used by them in order to experience their beverages...
...and they do not taste awful.
They used the seeds of the Indian knotgrass, also known as Madimak, and other plants from the genus Polygonum to make the alcoholic drink bitter as hops weren't known then. However, sweet(ened) beverages were also brewed such as the marnuan-drink (honey-beer).
According to the study conducted by Michael Brown, we know now that they predominantly used barley and emmer in the south and einkorn in the north, which they sometimes mixed together in order to acquire a specific taste.
I (loosely) translated the part of the Erzya-Mokshan epic Mastorava that sings about the death of a woman named Kilyava (birch woman in Erzyan), who fought against the Nogai raiders that attacked and destroyed her village.
<Again does Kilyava look around. Again does she carefully examine the area.
And what she sees- an awakened murza, the one who brought the overpowered her here.
As he opens his sleepy eyes, he stares at her bewildered as a dog.
His heart instantly stops beating as the blood of the vanquished is streaming on the land. ''They will curse us!'' - he proclaims ferally. ''The army has been badly beaten by the maiden. Stand up, sleeping Nogai! Awaken, save your heads!''
Sleep released them, Nogais have awoken
People need to know that the Numic expansion accelerated in the 13th century, so contributing it to the climate of Wyoming is hardly justified.
The Numic people apparently wiped out the early inhabitants of the Great Basin and went upwards, towards the Rocky mountains.
Based on linguistic evidence, we know that they were an off-shoot to the Eastern Shoshone.
However, the Comanche retained some archaic features, thus we can conclude that they left the main Shoshone body around 1650 AD~ and went south.
That one time when the USA and the USSR fought each other in Alaska.
Alright, their arctic people fought each other.
In 1947, the last great Chukchi raid was conducted against the Inuit in Wales, Alaska.
Both groups were warlike, however the Chukchi were reknown for their warfare. They targeted their Siberian neighbours, attacked American ships and raided the coasts of Japan.
So it was a surprise to everyone when they voluntarily joined the Russians after decades of fighting.
The motifs for these attacks varies, but usually consisted of the need for personal glory, loot, revenge and the search for brides.
One of the ships they attacked had black workers and their families as passengers and after killing the men they went away with the women.