GUESS WHAT?! A new study has shown SARS-CoV-2 infection is DISTINCT from common respiratory viruses!
Unequivocally, COVID is NOT "just a cold."
These findings are HUGELY significant, for multiple reasons! Here's a breakdown of the study (written for a general audience)...
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The paper is fairly complicated, so I'm going to start with the high-level takeaways before explaining everything in more detail.
Overall, they found a 3-gene signature that distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 infections from common viral infections—long before PCR test positivity!
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Because the signature:
1. is SPECIFIC to SARS-CoV-2, 2. is an EARLY indicator of infection, 3. is a DISTINCT pattern from other infections, and 4. even accurately identifies Omicron infections,
this discovery may be useful as a diagnostic tool AND a direction for treatment!
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One of the major limitations of this study is that it's unknown how applicable this signature will be for immunocompromised individuals. Why?
Because T cells were the major source of this 3-gene signature being expressed! This is important, because...
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This is YET ANOTHER study showing SARS-CoV-2 adversely impacts the immune system.
Monocyte abnormalities (decreases) were found in BOTH symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections! Because monocytes INCREASE in normal immune response, this suggests monocyte infection!
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This study also found the same odd immune response patterns found by other studies: The immune system is STRONGLY activated (especially the inflammatory response), but the pathway responsible for signaling *targeted* attacks on infected cells is suppressed!
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As shown in Figure 2C, BOTH symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 activate identical cellular pathways, but with less inflammatory signaling for asymptomatic infections.
That is, even asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 impacts processes usually unaffected by the other studied viruses! 7/
This study strongly suggests that there are "distinct molecular mechanisms" at play during SARS-CoV-2 infections, relative to other common respiratory viruses.
It *unambiguously* shows, however, that even asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections are NOT "just a cold." 8/
The authors validated their discovery with a longitudinal study that was able to detect even asymptomatic Omicron infections with high accuracy, long before a given patient is able to test positive with RT-PCR testing.
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That's all the highlights! The study is Open Access and available at
The rest of this thread is going to be commentary/analysis of the details of the study...
10/16mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/7…
So what role do these genes play?
It seems to be a cascade that highjacks the innate and adaptive immune responses in a way that's advantageous for the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself. That's not to say that the virus *directly* increases expression of these genes...
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Rather, these are the common product of the cascade of dysfunctional processes triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study identified a unique signature of *differentially expressed genes*, but there's not a 1:1 cause and effect for differential expression of a given gene!
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The methods were thorough, in that they cross-validated all of their findings multiple ways to ensure they weren't picking up on some spurious signal in the data. Even if the genes turn out not to be meaningful for *pathogenesis*, they're VERY meaningful for *diagnosis*!
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IMO, there's one big error. Figures 2A and 2B have slightly different Y-axes, likely because the graphs were generated separately, but it actually has the effect of shrinking a range that is *unexpectedly* larger.
I aligned the scales on Figures 2A and 2B here
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When symptomatic and asymptomatic gene expression for each virus are put side by side, it's clear that SARS-CoV-2 has a wildly different pattern compared to the other viruses, and a vastly larger magnitude of effect.
Differential expression INCREASES in asymptomatic covid?!
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Most notably, T cells are the PRIMARY type of cell where the 3-gene signature is most differentially expressed... and it's specifically a pattern that will lead to T cell exhaustion through overactivation.
Say it with me: "COVID is airborne and exhausts T cells!"
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Afterthought: The bit about “discovery should include not only SARS-CoV-2 infections but also other respiratory infections” is an echo of another paper about HCoV-OC43… from 1980! There, the author also complained about lack of dataset diversity
I’m not sure if it would, because at least one of the genes is involved in one type of cell entry, and there’s evidence that persistent infections may use *different* methods to move between cells that possibly wouldn’t engage that gene!
Simply put, if the cause of dysregulation is removed, the immune system can *likely* recover.
Time is the enemy, in this case! Cancer is a huge concern here, because without immune cells, cells with defective DNA will be ignored and grow into tumors
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Opportunistic infections are the biggest concern with a compromised immune system (lack of defenses), but when an individual has effectively zero immune system, the body isn't able to perform basic janitorial tasks that clean up random defective processes!
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Sure! Here's a meta-annotated version of the graph with simplified explanations of each element. The graph itself is fairly noisy, but the takeaways are simple!
Lack of symptoms may not even be because of immune system *destruction*! Symptoms of cold and flu are driven by interferon signaling, which SARS-CoV-2 suppresses.
But the end result is the same: lack of effective immune response!
The immune system has a vast range of functions spread across different systemic and cellular mechanisms.
It's likely that there are many people walking around with a compromised innate immune system, who don't realize it as leftover adaptive defenses fight infections
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This discovery seems to have a clear path to commercialization, because this discovery is purely a new method of *analyzing* the results of existing types of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT), including RT-PCR and LAMP testing. It's software!
The advantage here is that, rather than requiring detection of a specific viral protein (which may be present in the body but not the swab location), it requires detection of elevated levels of HOST PROTEINS that indicate active viral infection!
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Here's the entire thread about the article "A T-Cell-Derived 3-Gene Signature Distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from Common Respiratory Viruses," on a single page for easier sharing: readwise.io/reader/shared/…
[Caveat: This doesn’t apply to people trying supplements as *treatment*]
Supplements will have no effect. The deficiencies associated with severe covid/LC are likely a product of the infection itself, because the virus is dysregulating the production processes
Let’s talk about systemic risk from negligent public health: Catastrophe doesn’t require population-wide illness.
The worst case isn’t sickness. Worst case is infrastructure collapse due to overstressed resources.
You know power plants need stable power to operate?
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If there is a widespread disruption in the service area of, e.g., a nuclear power plant, it shuts down for safety. Massive blackouts like in 2003 or in Spain this year are caused by safety systems!
If too much trips out at once, it has a ripple effect across the grid 2/
In 2003, it took 2 days to fully restore most power. The infrastructure is 20 years older than it was back then and higher demand creates risk of cascading failure.
As of 2003, recommendations from blackouts in 1965, 1977, 1982, 1996, and 1998 had not been implemented. 3/
If Florida drops vaccine mandates, society is probably officially over. I really, really, really don’t think most people get that herd immunity is the only thing keeping measles from ripping through the population, and a measles infection wipes out all pre-existing immunity
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Measles specifically infects the cells that are responsible for “remembering” which pathogens your body has encountered before. So they ALL get wiped out, and all you’re left with is cells that remember your measles infection and nothing else.
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Every infection, vaccination, and other pathogenic exposure you’ve ever had? Your body no longer knows how to detect them after a measles infection. The only immunity you’ll be left with is immunity to measles. That’s it. Open season for every other pathogen encountered.
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Can I say something? I have a BA in psych, a BPhil in linguistics, and went to grad school for cognitive psych. My research, including an undergrad fellowship, was on the cognitive relationship between written and spoken language…
Audiobooks are NO DIFFERENT than reading print.
In the last hour, there have been a dozen replies from people nitpicking the first tweet
The topic of discussion is "do audiobooks 'count' as reading?," and the answer is "Audiobooks are NO DIFFERENT than reading print."
Maybe read the thread before arguing with it? lmfao
And for all those people with indignant responses who want to nitpick every detail, the fact that so many people hold THIS exact view—that audiobooks are somehow “cheating”—is the ENTIRE point. It leads to people who would benefit from audiobooks depriving themselves the medium
That's not to say that it's impossible to use solid-state media for long-term storage. It's just that anything with durability guarantees gets prohibitively expensive quickly. Spinning hard drives—as well as DVDs and Blu-ray discs!—are your friend.
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- The way data is stored in solid-state media makes it much more susceptible to bit rot than other media.
- In a spinning hard drive, the moving parts are the most common point of failure.
- When you burn a DVD, that shit is fairly permanent.
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I wish people would understand that insurance underwriters have armies of actuaries calculating risks, and if an insurance company drops you, it's because things have changed in such a way that insuring you will take more out of the financial pool than you're putting in
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It sucks, but it's a direct result of the fact that humans are widely inhabiting locations that are rapidly becoming impossible to inhabit safely. If you can't find insurance for your home, it means there's a high likelihood you'll need to move soon anyway.
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You get insurance so that you can replace all of your stuff in the event of a disaster. When the insurance company effectively says "the risk of disaster is so high that insuring you would almost certainly cause us to lose a lot of money," it ALSO means your life is in danger
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So here’s the thing about some of the subtle neuro damage related to SARS-CoV-2 infection that I think a lot of people miss: some of the known deficits are correlated with things like impulsiveness and poor emotional control, so we might expect to see deficits there are well
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Consider how impatient people seem to be on the road in the last couple years relative to the 2010s, and I think we have a perfect example of where this is LIKELY already manifesting.
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This impact is particularly insidious for the person experiencing it, because poor impulse control, by definition, doesn’t really come on gradually. My biggest concern is how interactions under these circumstances will play out if this impact continues to become more common
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