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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Jul 15 • 5 tweets • 2 min read • Read on X
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A FEW MONTHS AFTER a single INFECTION, ALL PROTECTIONS DECLINE : antibody levels, innate and adaptive immune cells plus a shift from Th1/inflammatory to Th2 serum cytokine levels
#AvoidReinfection
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/al…
Image
2) This study investigated the long-term effects of a single COVID-19 infection on the immune system. Even 10 months later, the researchers found significant changes in patients' immune cells and antibodies. Image
3) Patients had reduced levels of various immune cells, including those that fight infections. Their antibody levels against the virus also dropped substantially over time. The immune system also shifted from a pro-inflammatory state to one focused on allergic responses. Image
4) Younger patients tended to have a more pronounced decline in certain antibodies. These immune changes may help explain the diverse long-term symptoms experienced by some COVID-19 patients, known as "long COVID." Image
5) The study suggests that the initial COVID-19 infection can have a lasting impact on the body's ability to defend itself. This could make people more susceptible to future infections or other health issues.

Thanks 🙏 Image

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Jul 17
How many UNRECOGNISED COVID-19 DEATHS ? 😨

A very interesting study 💯 journals.plos.org/plosone/articl…
Image
2) The study examines COVID-19 mortality in Central Europe, focusing on the importance of cause-of-death certification in assessing the full burden of the pandemic. It uses detailed death certificate data from Austria, Bavaria, Czechia, Lithuania, and Poland to identify cases ... Image
3) ...where COVID-19 was reported as a comorbidity rather than the underlying cause of death.
The main findings are:
- Typical COVID-19 complications like pneumonia, respiratory failure, and sepsis were significantly more common in deaths with COVID-19 ... Image
Read 8 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Jul 17
H5N1 : LET'S NOT FORGET the POULTRY MARKETS !

"Markets as drivers of selection for highly virulent poultry pathogens"
nature.com/articles/s4146…
Image
2) Live bird markets may drive the evolution of highly virulent poultry pathogens like H5N1. Faster turnover rates and higher environmental persistence of viral particles in markets compared to farms could select for increased virulence ... Image
3) ...as these factors enhance transmission benefits while reducing mortality costs. Cleaning can counter this effect by decreasing environmental transmission, but high turnover may still dominate. Closely monitoring markets for the emergence of more virulent strains is critical
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Jul 17
KEY DRIVERS of the WAVES :
HUMAN BEHAVIOR and WANING IMMUNITY
(A study+ an interesting article)

Thanks to @DavidJoffe64
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
Image
2) The study looks at mathematical models of disease outbreaks that take into account how people's behavior changes in response to the disease. Two main models are examined:
- A model where people become permanently immune after recovering from the disease. Image
3) - A model where immunity wanes over time.
The main finding is that models that include how people's behavior adapts based on the disease's spread perform much better at matching real-world disease outbreaks, like what was seen with COVID-19. Image
Read 9 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Jul 17
H5N1. CLOSER and CLOSER !
The new mutation in avian influenza viruses PB2-627V allowing the virus to efficiently infect both birds and humans,
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Image
2) Key points of the study :

- PB2-627V has become widespread globally since 2016, detected across many AIV subtypes in birds, humans, and other mammals.
- This mutation lets the virus use proteins from both avian and human cells to replicate well. Image
3) - In animal tests, PB2-627V maintains high levels of virus in chickens and also infects and spreads in mice.
- Importantly, PB2-627V helps the virus spread through the air between ferrets, a sign it could transmit easily between people. Image
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Jul 16
CAN H5N1 SPREAD THROUGH COW SNEEZES?
Experiment offers clues

nature.com/articles/d4158…
Image
2) In a recent study they found that cows can become infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by breathing in virus-laden aerosols. However, this mode of transmission is not believed to be the main driver of the current outbreak among cattle in the United States. Image
3) Reference of the study :

Summary :
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in US dairy cattle in 2024, causing viral mastitis and production losses. biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Jul 16
The COMPLEXITY of ZOONOTIC TRANSMISSION CHAINS

A great study 👍
H/t @AmelieDesvars
nature.com/articles/s4146…
Image
2) Researchers from the Complexity Science Hub and the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna have developed a "zoonotic web" to understand the complex interactions involved in zoonoses. Image
3) The study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to managing zoonotic diseases, which annually affect over two billion people worldwide. Image
Read 6 tweets

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