July 21, 1924: Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb enter a surprise plea of guilty to the murder of 14-year-old Bobby Franks in Chicago. Their lawyer, Clarence Darrow, takes a risk by forgoing a jury trial and hoping the judge will spare his young clients the death sentence. 1/6
This "Trial of the Century" will turn out to be an extended sentencing hearing before Judge John Caverly. The argument isn't that Leopold and Loeb, both 19, were insane—the guilty plea forecloses that option—but rather to show they are too immature to merit death. 2/6
Leopold and Loeb, lovers who are both well-educated and affluent, had carried out the Franks kidnap-murder for "the satisfaction and the ego" of committing a heinous crime, Leopold has said. They made full confessions to police, acting even boastful about their deeds. 3/6
Darrow and his legal team face a daunting task, as the court of public opinion has already convicted the defendants of being monstrous villains. The eloquent attorney, long known for his progressive politics and opposition to the death penalty, spells out his case today. 4/6
The nature of Franks' murder, Darrow says, is "weird, uncanny and terrible." No one in the case, he says, "believes that these defendants should be released or are competent to be. We believe they should be permanently isolated from society." 5/6
Prosecutor Robert Crowe (left), having already won a conviction, says only one punishment will fit the crime: "We will demand they be hanged." The defense will call psychiatrists as witnesses to depict Leopold and Loeb as emotionally stunted, a tactic Crowe will oppose. 6/6
Effingham, Ill., Record (first tweet and below); Chicago Tribune (second)
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On April 7, 1926, Benito Mussolini survived an assassination attempt with a graze to his face in Rome when an Irishwoman fired a shot at near-point-blank range. His habit of tilting back his head, jaw upward, to greet crowds saved his life as the bullet bloodied his nose. 1/3
Seemingly unflappable, Mussolini appealed for calm and for no mob violence: “Let nothing be done which will bring reproach to our beloved Italy.” Violet Gibson, a mentally ill daughter of Ireland’s former lord chancellor, was deported to the U.K. without charges. 2/3
“If anything were needed to feed the devotion of Mussolini’s followers, it would have been provided by his display of courage under the crack of an assassin’s bullet. Popular conviction will be strengthened that the leader of Fascismo enjoys the special protection of the fates.”
June 29, 1924: By a single vote, the Democratic convention in New York rejects a platform plank denouncing the Ku Klux Klan. The tally at 1:50 a.m., at the end of hours of speeches, is 543 and 3/20 votes to 542 and 7/20 votes, some delegates casting fractional votes. 1/7
The Klan emerges as a bitterly polarizing issue for the party amid a surge in KKK membership and political influence across the South and Midwest. William McAdoo, who entered the convention as front-runner for the nomination, has Klan backing and refuses to condemn the group. 2/7
The favorite of Northeast Democrats, meanwhile, Gov. Al Smith of New York, is a Catholic who has loudly attacked the Klan. The platform committee tries to strike a balance with a plank deploring "any effort to rouse racial or religious dissension," but without naming names. 3/7
June 12, 1924: The band of outlaw brothers known as the Newton Gang pulls off the biggest train robbery in U.S. history, grabbing $3 million from a mail shipment in Rondout, Ill. However, this will also be their last holdup as they commit blunders betraying their identities. 1/4
The Texas siblings—from left, Willie (“Doc”), Willis, Joe and Jess—are credited with robbing 87 banks and six trains from 1919-24, aided by underworld connections and a lack of information sharing by local police forces. They’re known for politeness and skill with explosives. 2/4
The idea for their boldest heist comes from an inside man—a postal inspector who knows of an especially rich cargo on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. Three Chicago gangsters are enlisted to help the Newtons as they bring the train to a halt 30 miles outside Chicago. 3/4
June 10, 1924: Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist member of Italy's Chamber of Deputies and leading opponent of the Mussolini regime, is kidnapped and murdered by Fascist thugs. The killing of the 39-year-old, covered up at first, will stir a crisis for the right-wing government. 1/7
Benito Mussolini has made no secret of his wish to rule Italy as a dictator since his 1922 March on Rome. However, he has paid lip service to the constitution, seeking approval for his actions from the parliament. This facade of respectability has been torn away by Matteotti. 2/7
On May 30 Matteotti (arrow) had risen in the chamber to denounce Italy's recent elections as a sham in which the Fascists won via widespread voter intimidation. As he walked off the floor to hoots and hisses, he tells friends: "I have made my speech, now prepare my eulogy." 3/7
May 31, 1924: A fire at the Hope Development School outside Los Angeles kills 24 people, almost all of them students living there. The victims find themselves trapped behind locked doors at night after the blaze is intentionally set by a disturbed 16-year-old. 1/4
The three-story wooden frame building on the shore of a remote lagoon in Playa del Rey, where girls with learning or behavioral disabilities could learn a trade, was known to be a fire hazard. School managers planned to move as soon as they could find a better location. 2/5
Girls are locked in the dormitory at night for their own safety; one girl is tied to her bed. Once the fire breaks out on the at 9 p.m. most of the 39 residents have no escape, although some jump from windows. The two adult staffers are disoriented and overwhelmed. 3/5
May 22, 1924: The parents of Bobby Franks, a 14-year-old Chicago boy missing since yesterday, receive a note demanding $10,000 for his return. Before they can pay, he is found dead. The “perfect crime” planned by his killers, Leopold and Loeb, has already gone wrong for them. 1/7
Two children of privilege, Nathan Leopold, 18, and Richard Loeb, 19, had set out to prove their intellectual superiority yesterday by committing a spectacular crime that would never be solved. They kidnapped Bobby as he walked home from school, killed him and hid the body. 2/7
Leopold had already typed up a ransom note to extort Franks' wealthy family and add to the diabolical nature of the crime. He drops the letter into a mailbox overnight, for good measure phoning the Franks home as "George Johnson" to assure father Jacob that Bobby still lives. 3/7