Jon Blackwell, an editor @wsj. Reporting events from a century ago.
Jan 31 • 9 tweets • 4 min read
Jan. 31, 1925: The race by dog sled to deliver antitoxin to Nome, Alaska, amid a deadly diphtheria outbreak enters its most desperate and dangerous phase. Champion musher Leonhard Seppala sets out with Togo as lead dog in a 90-mile run amid blinding snow and −85° wind chill. 1/8
A day earlier Nome ran out of the antitoxin that had been used to treat victims of the epidemic, and cases rose to 27; five people are dead with the toll likely to go higher. Serum is being sent from Nenana, 674 miles away, by sleds in a relay that will involve over 100 dogs. 2/8
Nov 4, 2024 • 10 tweets • 6 min read
Nov. 4, 1924: President Calvin Coolidge is elected in a landslide. The Republican, who succeeded to the office on the death of Warren Harding, wins a full term in his own right with a 25-pt. margin over Democratic nominee John W. Davis. Progressive Robert LaFollette is third. 1/9
With the country enjoying an economic boom and no foreign crises, a Coolidge victory has seemed like a foregone conclusion for months. The scale of his victory is still staggering: 382 of 531 electoral votes, and every state outside the South and LaFollette's Wisconsin. 2/9
Oct 24, 2024 • 7 tweets • 4 min read
Oct. 24, 1924: Britain’s Foreign Office releases a letter reputed to have come from the Communist International, encouraging Soviet-style revolution in the U.K. The “Zinoviev letter” is a bombshell that throws the Labor government on the defensive five days before elections. 1/7
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald had been forced to call elections when the Liberals and Conservatives attacked his Soviet policy as too lenient. The letter is prominently splashed in newspapers, led by the Daily Mail under the headline “Civil war plot by socialists’ masters.” 2/7
Oct 20, 2024 • 6 tweets • 4 min read
Oct. 20, 1924: Observers are fretting over the possibility that none of the three major candidates for president will win an Electoral College majority, throwing the decision to Congress. A columnist outlines a scenario in which political and economic chaos ensues in 1925. 1/5
President Coolidge, the Republican, is overwhelmingly favored to win a popular vote plurality. But the Solid South states are a lock for Democratic nominee John W. Davis and Progressive candidate Robert LaFollette is expected to pull several Midwest states into his column. 2/5
Oct 12, 2024 • 5 tweets • 2 min read
Oct. 12, 1924: The first Nazi organization in the U.S., the Free Society of Teutonia, is founded in Chicago by German immigrants. Leader Fritz Gissibl (photos, 1930s) and brothers Andrew and Peter recruit countrymen for a drinking club that promotes right-wing nationalism. 1/5
At the time, Hitler’s National Socialists are just one in a scattering of extremist groups. As the Nazis gain strength in the early 1930s, the Teutonians pledge devotion to them. Fritz Gissibl becomes Hitler’s top fund-raiser and spokesman in the U.S. 2/5
Sep 28, 2024 • 7 tweets • 3 min read
Sept. 28, 1924: Jesús Lajun, a 51-year-old day laborer, falls sick in Los Angeles with a fever, a bloody cough and a painful lump on his groin. Doctors at first diagnose him with a sexually transmitted disease before evidence points to something more frightening: the plague. 1/6
Los Angeles' epidemic of 1924 will prove the country's deadliest plague since 1900 and the last reported U.S. incidence of pneumonic plague—the bacteria infecting the lung and transmitted through the air. 37 will die, with public health measures likely saving many lives. 2/6
Sep 22, 2024 • 4 tweets • 2 min read
Sept. 22, 1924: The freighter Clifton vanishes and is presumed sunk in Lake Huron with the loss of all 26 crew. The ship known as a “whaleback” for the unusual shape of its hull is carrying a load of crushed stone when it encounters a storm near Saginaw Bay off Michigan. 1/3
Painted bits of wood are found in the vicinity of the wreck later in the week, but no bodies. A folk song imagines that the Clifton was overwhelmed by waves: “And the mad billows leap like wild beasts from their lair/And in their wild rush not a life will they spare!” 2/3
Sep 13, 2024 • 5 tweets • 2 min read
Sept. 13, 1924: Charles Manier is driving outside Tucson, Ariz., when he comes across an abandoned lime kiln that he decides to investigate. He digs up crosses inscribed with mysterious writing that proves to be Latin—the first of some 30 relics telling an incredible story. 1/5
Included in the pits, some buried as much as 5 feet deep, are more crosses, a sword and one stone. The inscriptions tell of a Roman people who crossed the sea and landed in “Calalus” about 775 A.D. They conquered a Toltec Indian city, Rhoda, and built a trading empire. 2/5
Sep 10, 2024 • 10 tweets • 4 min read
Sept. 10, 1924: Child killers Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb are sentenced to life terms in prison. Climaxing a sensational Chicago trial, Judge John R. Caverly decides to spare the 19-year-old admitted murderers from hanging on account of their youth. 1/9
Leopold and Loeb, two well-educated children of privilege, had shocked the country in May with their kidnapping of a 14-year-old millionaire's son, Bobby Franks. Their motive—to collect a ransom and prove their supposed genius—is baffling and enraging to the public at large. 2/9
Aug 15, 2024 • 7 tweets • 3 min read
Aug. 15, 1924: A remarkable scoop by New York reporter Sanford Jarrell reveals his discovery of an ocean liner anchored off the 12-mile limit where booze, jazz and dancing turn night into day. A great story if true, it's actually the wildest journalistic hoax of the Jazz Age. 1/6
Jarrell had been sent by his editors at the Herald Tribune to check on rumors of the floating pleasure palace off Fire Island, only to find nothing but open water. Rather than report this disappointment he imagines the most sensational story he can file and puts it to paper. 2/6
Aug 5, 2024 • 7 tweets • 5 min read
Aug. 5, 1924: The comic strip "Little Orphan Annie" makes its debut. Cartoonist Harold Gray introduces his red-haired heroine, her eyes distinctly lacking in pupils, as the plucky resident of an orphanage run by mean hags, praying to be adopted by a loving family. 1/7
Gray has been a Chicago Tribune staff artist for several years, pitching ideas for the comic pages. His original idea is for an adventure strip about a boy, "Little Orphan Otto"—the title inspired by an unrelated James Whitcomb Riley poem, "Little Orphant Annie." 2/7
Jul 21, 2024 • 7 tweets • 4 min read
July 21, 1924: Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb enter a surprise plea of guilty to the murder of 14-year-old Bobby Franks in Chicago. Their lawyer, Clarence Darrow, takes a risk by forgoing a jury trial and hoping the judge will spare his young clients the death sentence. 1/6
This "Trial of the Century" will turn out to be an extended sentencing hearing before Judge John Caverly. The argument isn't that Leopold and Loeb, both 19, were insane—the guilty plea forecloses that option—but rather to show they are too immature to merit death. 2/6
Jul 16, 2024 • 4 tweets • 3 min read
On April 7, 1926, Benito Mussolini survived an assassination attempt with a graze to his face in Rome when an Irishwoman fired a shot at near-point-blank range. His habit of tilting back his head, jaw upward, to greet crowds saved his life as the bullet bloodied his nose. 1/3
Seemingly unflappable, Mussolini appealed for calm and for no mob violence: “Let nothing be done which will bring reproach to our beloved Italy.” Violet Gibson, a mentally ill daughter of Ireland’s former lord chancellor, was deported to the U.K. without charges. 2/3
Jun 29, 2024 • 8 tweets • 4 min read
June 29, 1924: By a single vote, the Democratic convention in New York rejects a platform plank denouncing the Ku Klux Klan. The tally at 1:50 a.m., at the end of hours of speeches, is 543 and 3/20 votes to 542 and 7/20 votes, some delegates casting fractional votes. 1/7
The Klan emerges as a bitterly polarizing issue for the party amid a surge in KKK membership and political influence across the South and Midwest. William McAdoo, who entered the convention as front-runner for the nomination, has Klan backing and refuses to condemn the group. 2/7
Jun 12, 2024 • 5 tweets • 3 min read
June 12, 1924: The band of outlaw brothers known as the Newton Gang pulls off the biggest train robbery in U.S. history, grabbing $3 million from a mail shipment in Rondout, Ill. However, this will also be their last holdup as they commit blunders betraying their identities. 1/4
The Texas siblings—from left, Willie (“Doc”), Willis, Joe and Jess—are credited with robbing 87 banks and six trains from 1919-24, aided by underworld connections and a lack of information sharing by local police forces. They’re known for politeness and skill with explosives. 2/4
Jun 10, 2024 • 8 tweets • 4 min read
June 10, 1924: Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist member of Italy's Chamber of Deputies and leading opponent of the Mussolini regime, is kidnapped and murdered by Fascist thugs. The killing of the 39-year-old, covered up at first, will stir a crisis for the right-wing government. 1/7
Benito Mussolini has made no secret of his wish to rule Italy as a dictator since his 1922 March on Rome. However, he has paid lip service to the constitution, seeking approval for his actions from the parliament. This facade of respectability has been torn away by Matteotti. 2/7
May 31, 2024 • 6 tweets • 3 min read
May 31, 1924: A fire at the Hope Development School outside Los Angeles kills 24 people, almost all of them students living there. The victims find themselves trapped behind locked doors at night after the blaze is intentionally set by a disturbed 16-year-old. 1/4
The three-story wooden frame building on the shore of a remote lagoon in Playa del Rey, where girls with learning or behavioral disabilities could learn a trade, was known to be a fire hazard. School managers planned to move as soon as they could find a better location. 2/5
May 22, 2024 • 8 tweets • 5 min read
May 22, 1924: The parents of Bobby Franks, a 14-year-old Chicago boy missing since yesterday, receive a note demanding $10,000 for his return. Before they can pay, he is found dead. The “perfect crime” planned by his killers, Leopold and Loeb, has already gone wrong for them. 1/7
Two children of privilege, Nathan Leopold, 18, and Richard Loeb, 19, had set out to prove their intellectual superiority yesterday by committing a spectacular crime that would never be solved. They kidnapped Bobby as he walked home from school, killed him and hid the body. 2/7
May 21, 2024 • 6 tweets • 3 min read
May 21, 1924: Los Angeles' main water aqueduct is bombed 200 miles north of the metropolis, apparently by locals who resent that their own farmland is drying up. The sabotage in the Owens Valley opens a violent new phase in Southern California's so-called "Water Wars." 1/5
Los Angeles recently topped 1 million in population and is ever thirstier for water. Much of its needs are supplied by the Owens aqueduct built by planner William Mulholland, but drought has severely reduced the flow. Owens Valley's crops and economy are meanwhile withering. 2/5
May 19, 2024 • 4 tweets • 3 min read
May 19, 1924: The Marx Brothers make their Broadway debut in “I’ll Say She Is.” With their anarchic antics and rapid-fire comic dialogue, Groucho, Harpo, Chico & Zeppo (billed for the last time under their real names, Julius, Arthur, Leonard & Herbert) become overnight stars. 1/4
“I’ll Say She Is” perfects the brothers’ routine, honed over a quarter-century in vaudeville, interspersed with musical numbers in which they don’t participate. Harpo is silent, Chico a wiseacre, Zeppo the straight man, and Groucho the quick-witted, self-deprecating leader. 2/4
May 19, 2024 • 5 tweets • 2 min read
May 19, 1924: Congress passes the World War Adjusted Compensation Act, or Bonus Bill, to provide new benefits to veterans of WWI. The Senate votes 59-26 to override President Coolidge's veto of the $4 billion-a-year measure, clearing the needed two-thirds majority by 2 votes. 1/4
Coolidge had objected to the program over its cost, but it has proven highly popular, pushed especially hard by the American Legion. The struggles of veterans, especially during a 1920-21 depression, had inspired calls for some form of extra pay beyond their years of service. 2/4