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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Aug 1, 2024 • 9 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
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SWIMMING and COVID-19 🤔

We believe there are three hypotheses that could explain the infection among the swimming teams:
A. The virus may be present in the water of the swimming pool.
B. The virus might be circulating in the swimming camp due to inadequate ventilation... Image
3. C. The virus could remain stable at the pool as a result of chemical reactions, especially involving chlorine.

A. Regarding the presence of the virus in water which is also chlorinated, the likelihood is nearly zero.
4. B. Regarding the presence of the virus in the swimming camp,
it is difficult to answer in the absence of reliable information on ventilation systems.
This hypothesis seems to us the most probable.
5) The 3rd very interesting hypothesis is based on the studies carried out by @ukhadds Image
6) We highly recommend his study.
"Differences in airborne stability of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is impacted by alkalinity of surrogates of respiratory aerosol"
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rs…
Image
7) The study showed that differences in SARS-CoV-2 aero-stability correlate with alkalinity, not salt concentration. Acidic air increases virus stability, while alkaline conditions rapidly inactivate it, highlighting importance of ventilation in reducing airborne transmission. Image
8) Finally, there is this older study :
"Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?"

which showed that chlorinated pools may negatively impact respiratory health, especially in asthmatic and elite swimmers ... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pp…
Image
9) ...due to exposure to chlorine by-products. Effects on recreational and infant swimmers are less clear, requiring further research to establish causal links between pool attendance and asthma development.
10) Regardless of the contributing factors, these infections among elite swimmers highlight that the virus is still spreading rapidly across the globe.

Thanks for reading and great thanks to @ChristinaVirgil for her questions and shared information.

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Mar 2
Catching COVID-19 in Buildings: Combining Wastewater, Air, and Surface Monitoring !

An amazing study in Nature.
H/t @mryoung151
nature.com/articles/s4137…Image
2) This study looked at different ways to detect COVID-19 in a building. The researchers tested air, surfaces, and wastewater to see which methods could best detect the virus.

They placed air samplers in the lobby of a dorm where students with COVID-19 were isolating. Image
3) The air samples showed higher virus levels when students with COVID-19 were present.

The researchers also collected air samples from the building's rooftop exhaust, swabbed high-touch surfaces, and tested the building's wastewater. Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 27
Alarming Shift in H5N1 Bird Flu: Longer Neuraminidase Stalks May Boost Transmission Risk

H/t @florian_krammer Thanks @DavidJoffe64
journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mb…Image
2) The H5N1 bird flu virus has been spreading rapidly since 2020. An important change is that the neuraminidase (NA) protein on this virus now has a longer "stalk" region.

In the past, most H5N1 viruses had a shorter NA stalk. Image
3) But the current clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses mostly have the longer NA stalk.

The longer NA stalk may make these H5N1 viruses more able to spread between mammals, including potentially between humans.
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 24
What an UNFORTUNATE CHOICE of WORD it is to REFER to the term “VARIANT” in relation to SARS-CoV-2.

No one would think to call Prince William a "variant" or a mere variation of Queen Elizabeth; he shares the same family and lineage. That's all. Image
2) I wanted to use this analogy to highlight the significant differences in pathogenicity and transmission among the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants, as demonstrated by a recent study published in Nature.
nature.com/articles/s4429…Image
3) By suggesting that the various lineages of SARS-CoV-2 consist of only minor mutations in the Spike protein—while overlooking the other proteins—and by using the term "soup of variants," which I consistently contest, we diminish the profound changes ... Image
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 24
Can a SYNTHETIC RECEPTOR that BINDS to the SUGAR (Glycans) on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, PREVENT the VIRUS from INFECTING Human CELLS?

Amazing study 🙏 @DavidJoffe64
…mistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cb…Image
2) Viruses like SARS-CoV-2 have proteins on their surface called spike proteins. These spike proteins help the virus attach to and enter human cells. The spike proteins are heavily coated with sugar molecules called glycans. Image
3) Researchers have developed a synthetic molecule called IDS060 that can bind to these glycans on the spike protein. This binding prevents the virus from attaching to human cells, blocking infection. Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 23
WHEN and WHERE was the H5N1 influenza A virus (genotype D1.1) DISCOVERED ?

A very interesting article from
@LouiseHMoncla @angie_rasmussen @MichaelWorobey @PeacockFlu and colleagues
virological.org/t/timing-and-m…Image
2) The H5N1 influenza A virus (genotype D1.1) was discovered in dairy cattle in Churchill County, Nevada, on January 31, 2025. The detection followed a routine surveillance program, where bulk milk samples were collected from dairy processing plant silos on January 6 and 7, 2025. Image
3) These samples tested positive for the virus on January 10.
Investigations revealed that the virus likely jumped from birds to cattle sometime between late October 2024 and early January 2025 ... Image
Read 4 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Feb 23
What makes VIRUSES like Herpes, Epstein-Barr, Flu, H1N1, H5N1 and HIV so EFFECTIVE at INFECTING the BRAIN ?

Viruses can infect and damage the brain, leading to conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and depression
link.springer.com/article/10.100…
2) Some Viruses are able to successfully infect the brain for a few key reasons:

▶️ Direct Brain Entry: Some viruses can directly enter the brain through the nose or other pathways, allowing them to directly infect brain cells. Image
3) ▶️ Evading Immunity: Certain viruses can hide from or suppress the immune system, enabling them to persist in the brain undetected.

▶️ Breaching the Blood-Brain Barrier: Viruses can damage the protective barrier between the brain and bloodstream ...
Read 6 tweets

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