SomePLAOSINT Profile picture
Sep 28, 2024 7 tweets 3 min read Read on X
1 | The best open source information about PLAN carrier operation comes from the Japanese MoD.

From data published by 🇯🇵's Joint Staff Office we can establish some baselines for PLAN carriers' sortie rate.

Note: daily sortie rate is averaged across observation window.
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2 | By just looking at the data, it seems PLAN's carrier sortie rate has seen gradual improvement.

When Liaoning was deployed in Dec.2022, its daily fighter sortie rate peaked at 20 per day and can be as low as 5 per day at the end of the deployment. Image
3 | After a year-long refit, Liaoning's sortie rate has seen a significant increase during the current deployment in Sep.2024.

Fighter sortie rate is at 37 per day averaged in 7 days. At the busiest day it could have reached 48 per day (2 per day per airframe).
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4 | PLAN's other operational carrier, Shandong became very active when Liaoning was in her refit.

During the Oct.2023 deployment, Shandong achieved 47 fighter sorties per day across 9 days. It maintained an almost 2 sorties per day per airframe rate during the entire deployment. Image
5 | Similar to most open source data on PLA's capabilities, there are many caveats here.

->Are JMSDF's tally comprehensive?
->Are these fighters armed and rearmed between sorties?
->etc.

So it will be hard to make conclusive comparisons to other navies using these numbers.
6 | But we should be thanking JMSDF and Japanese MoD for their effort and transparency to put these numbers out there.


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*Minor screw up here. Put Liaoning on the Shandong graph as well.

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More from @someplaosint

Oct 1, 2025
I believe this graph can summarize the quoted thread somewhat on the fighter side of things comparing between PAF, IAF and PLAAF’s induction records of new tactical aircraft. Image
From a capability perspective, the IAF had tremendous advantages vs PLAAF in the late 70s well going into the early 90s.

By the time the IAF was inducting Mirage 2000 and MiG-29 in 1986, the PLAAF had only began to induct J-7IIH, a fighter without a radar. Image
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But from an industrial base perspective, the IAF Mirage 2000 and MiG-29 are off-the-shelf purchases but PLAAF’s J-7 is fully built in China including the WP-7 engine (pic 1) and PL-8 missile (pic 2).

The WP-7 engine is based on the Soviet R-11, which the USSR handed over all technical details in the last major Sino-Soviet defense deal before the 2 countries became enemies in 1961. And by 1986, China was able to independently make design improvements and had produced multiple variants.

The PL-8 missile (pic 3) is a licensed version of the Israeli Python 3 (pic 3) with a comprehensive transfer of technology when China was the geopolitical counterweight to the USSR.Image
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Read 6 tweets
Aug 25, 2025
1 | A new SAM for the PLAN is featured in the coming VJ Day Parade.

It is likely that 2 such missiles could fit into a single UVLS cell on PLAN's numerous modern destroyers. Below is a rough estimation. 🧵 Image
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2 | The new SAM's form factor is very similar to the HQ-9C plus an additional solid rocket booster.

The HQ-9's navalized version, HHQ-9 and its variants are the backbone of PLAN's long-range SAM. It is natural for the new C variant to be navalize as well. Image
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3 | The SX2306 8x8 truck that carries the missile mockups is roughly 10 m's long. We can roughly estimate that the new SAM (with booster) is about 6.4 m's long, which is close to the 6.5 m length of the previous HQ-9/HHQ-9 variants.

And this also gives us a rough estimation of the SAM diameter, which is 400 mm.Image
Read 6 tweets
Aug 10, 2025
1 | A thread about different Z-10 variants.

Starting with the original design, Project 941 from 🇷🇺 design bureau Kamov. China paid Kamov USD 8.94M for the design work in the mid 1990s.

The money helped Kamov retain many of its technical personnel and kept it afloat after the fall of USSR.Image
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2 | Z-10 prototype. Z-10 first flew in 2003, years after Kamov handed over the Project 941 design.

The PLA made many requirement changes to the Project 941.

Note these airframes flew with Pratt Whitney Canada’s PT6C67C engines. Image
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3 | Z-10H. PW Canada engines were later embargoed. Z-10 had to went through a series of redesigns to cut down weight in order to fly with less powerful domestic WZ-9 engines while having similar payload and agility.

But AVIC had already produced airframes based on the early prototype. Hence we have the Z-10H (think of it as Heavy).

Heavier airframe and sensor suite, but with weaker domestic WZ-9 engines.Image
Read 8 tweets
Jun 15, 2025
1 | Compared to standoff guided munitions, the PLA has a relatively limited selection of non-standoff guided munitions.

Let's have a look. Image
2 | The first experience the PLA hve about laser guided bombs (LGBs) was gained in Vietnam as China sent hundreds of thousands of PLA soldiers, mostly anti-aircraft gunners and engineers to protect and repair critical infractures in the North. Image
3 | The PLA was impressed and setout to develop its own "Paveway" in the late 1970s.

By the early 1980s, China managed to produce its first batch of LGBs and started testing with PLAAF units.

But the effort was shelved due to shifting priorities and the program was frozen. Image
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Read 8 tweets
Jun 15, 2025
1 | PLA air-launched stand-off munitions - part 2

Apart from air-launched cruise missiles (ALCMs), the PLA also operates a selection of air-launched ballistic missiles (ALBMs).

Just like ALCMs, the first ALBM that the PLA publicly revealed is a very large missile referred to as KD-21.Image
2 | Due to its size and wright, we normally see only 2 missiles carried by a H-6K/J/N bomber.

Though, when carrying 2 KD-21s, the H-6 bombers generally have their pylons at wing roots, which are the ones with the strongest load capacity, empty.

It is likely an H-6 can carry up to 4 such missiles at the expense of range.Image
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3 | From existing footage the KD-21 should have at least 2 variants:

->A dedicated ground attack version without a terminal radar seeker (left).
->Another one clearly shows a white radar radome and possibly datalink antenna designed for anti-ship missions (right). Image
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Read 8 tweets
Jun 14, 2025
1 | The ongoing Israel-Iran conflict and the recent India-Pakistan conflict both highlighted that stand-off strike carried out by jets is very effective in penetrating modern IADSs consist of long-range SAM system.

Let's have a look at the 🇨🇳PLAAF's stand-off strike weapons. (Part 1)Image
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2 | Let's start with the first generation of PLA's air-launched cruise missile (ALCM), the KD-63.

KD-63 uses the man-in-the-loop TV guidance as its terminal guidance method. With the weapon's operator using the camera footage uploaded by the missile to guide it to its target. Just like the Israeli Popeye.Image
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3 | KD-63 is a massive missile. It weighs around 2000kg with an equally massive 500kg warhead.

Due to its size, it can only be carried by PLA's H-6 bombers.

Why is it this big? Because it is the final evolution of the ancient Silkworm anti-ship missile, which in turn was based on the Soviet P-15 from the 1950s.Image
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Read 7 tweets

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