Share this page!

Enter URL or ID to Unroll

You can paste full URL like: https://x.com/threadreaderapp/status/1644127596119195649
or just the ID like: 1644127596119195649

How to get URL link on X (Twitter) App

  1. On the Twitter thread, click on or icon on the bottom
  2. Click again on or Share Via icon
  3. Click on Copy Link to Tweet
  4. Paste it above and click "Unroll Thread"!
  5. More info at Twitter Help
Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Oct 5, 2024 • 8 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
Scrolly
EVERYTHING you’ve EVER WANTED to KNOW about our remarkable IMMUNE SYSTEM,
as it faces attacks from the virus SARS-CoV-2.

▶️ How many immune cells are present in our bodies?
▶️ In which organs are they primarily located?
▶️ Which types of immune cells are the most abundant? Image
2) This recent study provides a detailed picture of the immune cells in the human body. It estimates there are around 1.8 trillion immune cells, weighing 1.2 kg in a typical adult.

The immune cells are not evenly distributed throughout the body. pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pn…Image
3) Most of them are found in the bone marrow and lymph nodes/spleen. These are the main places where immune cells are produced and stored.

Lymphocytes, which include T cells, B cells, and NK cells, make up 40% of the immune cells by number. Image
4) Neutrophils, another type of immune cell, account for a similar proportion.

Macrophages are fewer in number than lymphocytes and neutrophils, but they are much larger in size. This means that macrophages contribute almost 50% of the total mass of the immune cells ... Image
5) ...even though they only make up 10% of the total number.

The immune system changes as we get older. The bone marrow and thymus, which produce many immune cells, show declines in the number of immune cells as people age. Image
6) Conditions like obesity and infections can also affect the number and distribution of immune cells in the body.

The researchers used a variety of techniques, including imaging and genetic analysis, to get these detailed estimates.
7) This provides a comprehensive understanding of how the immune system is organized and can help develop better models of how it functions.
Overall, this study gives us a quantitative map of the immune cells in the human body.
8) In a previous thread, we tried to illustrate this wonderful immune system for the kids.

Thanks for reading 🙏

• • •

Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to force a refresh
　

Keep Current with Emmanuel

Emmanuel Profile picture

Stay in touch and get notified when new unrolls are available from this author!

Read all threads

This Thread may be Removed Anytime!

PDF

Twitter may remove this content at anytime! Save it as PDF for later use!

Try unrolling a thread yourself!

how to unroll video
  1. Follow @ThreadReaderApp to mention us!

  2. From a Twitter thread mention us with a keyword "unroll"
@threadreaderapp unroll

Practice here first or read more on our help page!

More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Jan 26
NIPAH VIRUS
Jumping to conclusions during outbreaks only fuels panic and misunderstanding; NOT EVERY VIRUS OUTBREAK is a PANDEMIC.

We raised the alarm about Nipah in 2023, but it’s essential not to confuse an epidemic related to this virus, ... Image
2) ...like the one in India, with a pandemic risk or a situation like COVID-19.
Nipah virus is transmitted primarily from animals, especially bats, to humans. It spreads through direct contact with infected animals, their secretions, or contaminated foods.
3) Human-to-human transmission occurs only through close contact, such as touching or caring for an infected person, as well as sharing fluids like saliva or blood.
We cannot equate a virus transmitted through fluids with a respiratory virus like SARS-CoV-2. Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Nov 28, 2025
"70% to 90% of our CELLS are completely RENEWED in less than 5 YEARS!
So If we’re mostly "New", why are so many still struggling with SARS-CoV-2?

We will tackle this question, which is more complex than it seems, in several posts. Image
2) First, let's say a few words about cell renewal.
70% to 90% of our cells are renewed over time. This turnover occurs in various cell types, including skin, blood, and immune cells, allowing the body to replace damaged or aged cells.
sciencefocus.com/the-human-body…Image
3) For instance, red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 days, while skin cells regenerate every few weeks.
Even with significant cell renewal, aging persists due to changes in our DNA.
sciencefocus.com/the-human-body…Image
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Nov 26, 2025
UNRAVELING CO-INFECTION:
How SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses Interact ?
(In layman's terms)

Two groundbreaking studies exploring the complex dynamics of viral co-infection!
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
biorxiv.org/content/10.110… Image
Image
2) Co-infection occurs when a person is infected by more than one virus at the same time. This can lead to interesting and sometimes complex interactions between the viruses Image
3) In one study about SARS-CoV-2, researchers found that when different versions of this virus infect the same person, they can mix their genetic material through a process called recombination. This means that the new version of the virus can have traits from both parent viruses Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Nov 24, 2025
ENVELOPE PROTEIN and LONG COVID

For more than three years, we have been emphasizing that the envelope protein is an essential component and that we cannot limit our focus to just the spike protein. We are now uncovering its role in long COVID. Image
2) Here are some insights on the E protein and its role in long COVID, as discussed in this recent study.
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12…Image
3) The Envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role for several reasons:

▶️ Virus Assembly and Release: The E protein is essential for the virus's assembly and budding from infected cells, contributing to its stability and infectivity.
Read 8 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Nov 21, 2025
"N''oubliez jamais" (Never forget - Joe Cocker)🧵

In 2022, COVID-19 was the second leading cause of death globally, with the repercussions of the virus far from over. The lasting impact of the pandemic continues to affect lives around the world.
2)
3)
Read 5 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Nov 20, 2025
LONG COVID : Sticky Microclots in the blood !

Recent research may have identified a key factor contributing to long COVID: microscopic clots intertwined with immune system debris in the blood. These unusual structures were found to be nearly 20 times more prevalent ... Image
2) ...in long COVID patients compared to healthy individuals. The clots, associated with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), suggest a potential biological marker for persistent symptoms. Image
3) These microclots could impede blood flow in small vessels, leading to issues like brain fog, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Image
Read 4 tweets

Did Thread Reader help you today?

Support us! We are indie developers!

This site is made by just two indie developers on a laptop doing marketing, support and development! Read more about the story.

Become a Premium Member ($3/month or $30/year) and get exclusive features!

Become Premium

Don't want to be a Premium member but still want to support us?

Make a small donation by buying us coffee ($5) or help with server cost ($10)

Donate via Paypal

Or Donate anonymously using crypto!

Ethereum

0xfe58350B80634f60Fa6Dc149a72b4DFbc17D341E copy

Bitcoin

3ATGMxNzCUFzxpMCHL5sWSt4DVtS8UqXpi copy

Thank you for your support!

Follow Us!

Send Email!

:(