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Emmanuel Profile picture
@ejustin46
Oct 5 • 8 tweets • 3 min read • Read on X
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EVERYTHING you’ve EVER WANTED to KNOW about our remarkable IMMUNE SYSTEM,
as it faces attacks from the virus SARS-CoV-2.

▶️ How many immune cells are present in our bodies?
▶️ In which organs are they primarily located?
▶️ Which types of immune cells are the most abundant? Image
2) This recent study provides a detailed picture of the immune cells in the human body. It estimates there are around 1.8 trillion immune cells, weighing 1.2 kg in a typical adult.

The immune cells are not evenly distributed throughout the body. pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pn…Image
3) Most of them are found in the bone marrow and lymph nodes/spleen. These are the main places where immune cells are produced and stored.

Lymphocytes, which include T cells, B cells, and NK cells, make up 40% of the immune cells by number. Image
4) Neutrophils, another type of immune cell, account for a similar proportion.

Macrophages are fewer in number than lymphocytes and neutrophils, but they are much larger in size. This means that macrophages contribute almost 50% of the total mass of the immune cells ... Image
5) ...even though they only make up 10% of the total number.

The immune system changes as we get older. The bone marrow and thymus, which produce many immune cells, show declines in the number of immune cells as people age. Image
6) Conditions like obesity and infections can also affect the number and distribution of immune cells in the body.

The researchers used a variety of techniques, including imaging and genetic analysis, to get these detailed estimates.
7) This provides a comprehensive understanding of how the immune system is organized and can help develop better models of how it functions.
Overall, this study gives us a quantitative map of the immune cells in the human body.
8) In a previous thread, we tried to illustrate this wonderful immune system for the kids.

Thanks for reading 🙏

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More from @ejustin46

Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 7
SARS-COV-2 is AIRBORNE !

Thanks to @_CatintheHat for the idea of a mega-thread (10 studies) about "airborne transmission" Image
2)
3)
Read 11 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 7
Cognitive function and brain structure in COVID-19 survivors: The role of persistent symptoms.

+ the reduction of the putamen (a key brain region) volume ?
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…Image
2) The putamen is a subcortical brain structure that plays a crucial role in cognitive processes like planning, decision-making, and the execution of actions. It is part of the basal ganglia system and is particularly vulnerable to neurological impacts. Image
3) This study of 43 adults with prior COVID-19 found those with more persistent symptoms had smaller putamen volumes. Specific symptoms like lack of appetite, muscle aches, cognitive issues most linked to reduced putamen. Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 6
The PROLONGED JOURNEY of SARS-COV-2 in ESTABLISHING ITSELF as the LEADING HUMAN PATHOGEN
(4th part)

Continuing with the theme of epistatic interactions :
The fitness of SARS-CoV-2 is influenced by the properties of its RBD through epistatic effects
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pn…Image
2) The study developed a biophysical model that links the molecular properties of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) to the virus's fitness and ability to spread.

The key finding is that the interactions between different RBD mutations (called epistasis) play ... Image
3) ...a crucial role in determining the virus's fitness. While many individual mutations may enhance the virus's ability to infect cells or evade antibodies, certain combinations of mutations can actually be detrimental. Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 6
VACCINATION REDUCES the RISK of Long COVID

A meta-analysis of 56 studies. Review funded by Pfizer.
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…Image
2) This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 56 studies on the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and post-COVID-19 conditions (PCC). The main findings are:
▶️ Pre-infection COVID-19 vaccination appears to reduce the risk of developing PCC, with
77% adjusted VE ... Image
3) ... estimates (vs unvaccinated) being statistically significant and protective (7-95% range).
▶️ The protective effect of pre-infection vaccination was observed regardless of vaccine type, number of doses, PCC definition, predominant variant, and severity of acute infection. Image
Read 6 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 6
IF WE COULD PREVENT the SARS-COV-2 virus from ENTERING OUR CELLS, we could BLOCK the INFECTION.
(3rd part)

Viral interference between SARS-COV-2 and influenza A viruses : H3N2 not H1N1, strongly interfered with Omicron through the action of IGSs
journals.plos.org/plospathogens/…Image
2) The study investigated the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A viruses, focusing on the Omicron variant and a contemporary H3N2 strain, as well as the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 D614G strain and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain. Image
3) A key aspect examined was the role of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the viral interference observed. ISGs are genes that are upregulated in response to interferons (IFNs) and play an important antiviral function. Image
Read 7 tweets
Emmanuel Profile picture
Oct 6
IF WE COULD PREVENT the SARS-COV-2 virus from ENTERING OUR CELLS, we could effectively BLOCK the INFECTION.
(2nd part)

What are the roles of pH and Ca2+ in the process of viral entry?
A wonderful new study 💯👍
cell.com/structure/abst…Image
2) The study used advanced microscopy techniques to directly observe how the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein changes shape during the process of infecting cells. Image
3) The key findings are:

▶️ The spike protein can spontaneously switch between three different 3D structures, allowing it to remain flexible and avoid getting stuck in one configuration.
▶️ Acidic conditions, like those found in the cell's digestive compartments, push the spike Image
Read 9 tweets

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