Yuen Yuen Ang Profile picture
Oct 14, 2024 7 tweets 3 min read Read on X
Congrats to AJR! 🌟 They are brilliant.

But I don't agree with their idealized portrayal of institutions in Western development

It is historically inaccurate, if not ideologized

Thus, not only do they struggle to explain China, they also can't explain why Western economies like the US prospered despite being as corrupt as China is today
When America was a developing country, did it prosper - primarily or only - because colonists imported "the European form of good institutions"? Image
When America was a developing country, it was massively corrupt and engaged in risky public financing schemes - much like China today

Hence term "US Gilded Age"

Gilded ≠ Golden 🤑 Image
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Did America prosper - primarily or only - because of “inclusive institutions”?

From US National Archives Museum

For generations, USA “wrestled with the conflict between promise of freedom and realities of slavery and racism” Image
Admitting fraught histories does not diminish US democracy - on the contrary, it demonstrates honesty & enables true progress. The National Archives does the right thing to educate public.

So why do we celebrate mythologized narratives in the canons of political economy?

noemamag.com/the-clash-of-t…Image
Let me repeat. It is not only that AJR fails to explain Chinese development, they don't account for the Western / American experience, either.

Mythologized narratives about institutions

Not only mislead developing countries

They also blind rich countries from seeing problems with capitalism & democracy, erupting todayImage
Is this historical reality, conveniently omitted in AJR, a thing of the past - or uncannily familiar?

We're living a Second Gilded Age

Access for super-elites; neoliberalism for the rest Image

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More from @yuenyuenang

Nov 4, 2024
We should thank AJR & 2024 Nobel committee for sparking debates. They haven't solved the material inequality puzzle, but few have done more to raise awareness about *ideational* inequality & decolonizing. If you're reading AJR, pair it with a rich list in this 🧵 Image
"The Nobel committee is supporting NIE’s legitimisation of property/wealth inequality and unequal development. Rewarding AJR also seeks to re-legitimise the neoliberal project at a time when it is being rejected more widely than ever before." ~ Jomo Kwame Sundaram (co-editor of "Is Good Governance Good for Development?", a thought-provoking book)

🖇️ networkideas.org/news-analysis/…Image
"The book’s biggest problem is the authors’ love affair with the American Dream (though not American Reality)." ~ The ever eloquent Duncan Green

blogs.lse.ac.uk/internationald…
Read 10 tweets
Oct 28, 2024
Two 📚 on indigenous knowledge & institutions you should read in contrast with AJR "Why Nations Fail."

Conventional notions of "good ins" are all premised on modern societies, defined by an industrial-colonial logic that scorns indigenous as "backward."

Push back. Ask where ideas come from. 🧐Image
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A reminder from “Braiding Sweetgrass”

Private property rights is the Holy Grail of conventional political economy

Where did they come from? After white settlers force natives off their communal land and made them accept “private property” (infertile land that kept them poor) Image
Kimmerer's insight echoes Polanyi, who observed that pre-modern societies were organized around the principle of reciprocity, not private gain. Adam Smith's claim that humans are naturally capitalist is wrong, he says. For most of history, humans were communal. Image
Read 9 tweets
Oct 26, 2024
AJR's Nobel helps spark 🎇 conversations about development thinking. There is a big gap in our knowledge of ADAPTIVE political economy: how societies learn, adapt & use what they have. This involves decolonizing: giving agency back to the Global Majority 🌐

Refreshing & thanking @TheEconomist for including my work in this list of 5⃣ 📚

economist.com/the-economist-…Image
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Much of world assumes anything about China is exceptional & exotic, while anything about the West is universal

Thus in "Adaptive Political Economy" (open access at @World_Pol) I took China out of the cover and rearticulated the same ideas on adaptive & experimental development in my book

muse.jhu.edu/article/927487…Image
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@World_Pol Mainstream economics & political science has astonishingly little knowledge of, and little interest to know, how non-linear processes of development works

muse.jhu.edu/article/927487…Image
Read 6 tweets
Oct 21, 2024
How did the West rise?

1) Economic & political freedoms (AJR) 🌟
2) Colonial-imperial extraction
3) State capacity, industrial policy, trade protectionism
4) Access money among elites while curbing predation

Only 1 wins Nobel & the rest do not. Learn about them all. Image
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The term "rise" must be qualified

Both the rise of the West & China are Gilded, not Golden; their growth comes with costs

But mainstream economists do not qualify "rise"

The classic question - Why are some countries poor and others rich? - is most misleading

Colonial-imperial powers cannot be grouped together with former colonies, as if the two have the same starting points.

Is it not obvious that colonial extraction contributed massively to wealth in the parts of the world that still write history and political economy? What happened the "rigorous" concerns about omitted variables?Image
Read 8 tweets
Oct 15, 2024
Convention:
"European form of good institutions" is the "root cause" of growth

In fact:
Market-building ≠ market-sustaining

Further:
Market-building institutions look wrong if you insist on "European form" as normative standard 📏

. muse.jhu.edu/article/927487…Image
Convention 👑
Replicate "European form of good institutions"

In fact 🌄
All countries must start with what you have - indigenous innovation

Blinder 🕶️
Believing in one standard of good institutions (idealized liberal form) will blind you from seeing that potential Image
China 🇨🇳 is full of examples of harnessing normatively weak/wrong institutions for building markets

But it is not alone. The same happens in the US & Europe. It's just that such histories are obscured because they don't repeat the Liberal Hymn. Image
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Read 5 tweets
Oct 14, 2024
Refreshing my critique of A&R's take on China 🇨🇳

While emphasizing this ➡️ AJR isn't just wrong about Chinese development, they don't account for fraught Western experiences either. Image
A&R do not define "inclusive" or "non-extractive" institutions

Liked countries: inclusive & non-extractive

China: non-inclusive & extractive

False puzzle: If China doesn't have the right (idealized Western) institutions, why did it prosper? Image
Nor can AJR explain America's early development

Which began with eminently exclusive, corrupt ins', rather than "European form of good institutions"

In fact, US public financing relied on charters - sale of monopoly rights - as exclusive as it gets Image
Read 9 tweets

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