But I don't agree with their idealized portrayal of institutions in Western development
It is historically inaccurate, if not ideologized
Thus, not only do they struggle to explain China, they also can't explain why Western economies like the US prospered despite being as corrupt as China is today
When America was a developing country, did it prosper - primarily or only - because colonists imported "the European form of good institutions"?
When America was a developing country, it was massively corrupt and engaged in risky public financing schemes - much like China today
Hence term "US Gilded Age"
Gilded ≠ Golden 🤑
Did America prosper - primarily or only - because of “inclusive institutions”?
From US National Archives Museum
For generations, USA “wrestled with the conflict between promise of freedom and realities of slavery and racism”
Admitting fraught histories does not diminish US democracy - on the contrary, it demonstrates honesty & enables true progress. The National Archives does the right thing to educate public.
So why do we celebrate mythologized narratives in the canons of political economy?
Extreme takes - either China is taking over the world or collapsing - amplify one side of its paradoxical trajectory. "Peak China" meme fails to capture that.
Today, free market economies are taken for granted as the norm. Polanyi argues they are unprecedented and new in human history, appearing only in 19th century. Profit motive is not “natural” to humans…
Instead, premodern societies were more “communistic” than capitalist
(What good is private gain if you were ostracized by a closed group?)
Organizing principle was not gain
But reciprocity + redistribution + household subsistence
“Among these motives gain was not prominent”
Custom, magic, and religion induced compliance with social order
Answering these questions requires reframing the debate – in particular, reexamining popular narratives of Western history...
In fact, looking a little further back in time reveals that China is not so unique.
When the United States was an emerging economy during the late-nineteenth century, it, too, experienced rampant corruption. But many elements of America’s Gilded Age have long since been forgotten.