Yuen Yuen Ang Profile picture
Oct 14 7 tweets 3 min read Read on X
Congrats to AJR! 🌟 They are brilliant.

But I don't agree with their idealized portrayal of institutions in Western development

It is historically inaccurate, if not ideologized

Thus, not only do they struggle to explain China, they also can't explain why Western economies like the US prospered despite being as corrupt as China is today
When America was a developing country, did it prosper - primarily or only - because colonists imported "the European form of good institutions"? Image
When America was a developing country, it was massively corrupt and engaged in risky public financing schemes - much like China today

Hence term "US Gilded Age"

Gilded ≠ Golden 🤑 Image
Image
Did America prosper - primarily or only - because of “inclusive institutions”?

From US National Archives Museum

For generations, USA “wrestled with the conflict between promise of freedom and realities of slavery and racism” Image
Admitting fraught histories does not diminish US democracy - on the contrary, it demonstrates honesty & enables true progress. The National Archives does the right thing to educate public.

So why do we celebrate mythologized narratives in the canons of political economy?

noemamag.com/the-clash-of-t…Image
Let me repeat. It is not only that AJR fails to explain Chinese development, they don't account for the Western / American experience, either.

Mythologized narratives about institutions

Not only mislead developing countries

They also blind rich countries from seeing problems with capitalism & democracy, erupting todayImage
Is this historical reality, conveniently omitted in AJR, a thing of the past - or uncannily familiar?

We're living a Second Gilded Age

Access for super-elites; neoliberalism for the rest Image

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More from @yuenyuenang

Oct 15
Convention:
"European form of good institutions" is the "root cause" of growth

In fact:
Market-building ≠ market-sustaining

Further:
Market-building institutions look wrong if you insist on "European form" as normative standard 📏

. muse.jhu.edu/article/927487…Image
Convention 👑
Replicate "European form of good institutions"

In fact 🌄
All countries must start with what you have - indigenous innovation

Blinder 🕶️
Believing in one standard of good institutions (idealized liberal form) will blind you from seeing that potential Image
China 🇨🇳 is full of examples of harnessing normatively weak/wrong institutions for building markets

But it is not alone. The same happens in the US & Europe. It's just that such histories are obscured because they don't repeat the Liberal Hymn. Image
Image
Read 5 tweets
Oct 14
Refreshing my critique of A&R's take on China 🇨🇳

While emphasizing this ➡️ AJR isn't just wrong about Chinese development, they don't account for fraught Western experiences either. Image
A&R do not define "inclusive" or "non-extractive" institutions

Liked countries: inclusive & non-extractive

China: non-inclusive & extractive

False puzzle: If China doesn't have the right (idealized Western) institutions, why did it prosper? Image
Nor can AJR explain America's early development

Which began with eminently exclusive, corrupt ins', rather than "European form of good institutions"

In fact, US public financing relied on charters - sale of monopoly rights - as exclusive as it gets Image
Read 9 tweets
Oct 14
Please know this: "Chinese exceptionalism" is a myth created to distract you from seeing partial myths in stock narratives about Western development

AJR isn't just wrong about Chinese development, they don't account for fraught Western experiences either.
The logic goes like this ➡️

Norm based on Western experience: non-extractive (non-corrupt) institutions is answer

China: Not a democracy, therefore must be extractive

In fact: China and US were both Gilded Ages, both were dominated by a particular type of corruption Image
Debunking "Chinese“ (or any type of non-Western) exceptionalism is subversive

Because it means their experience isn't quarantined in the margins

papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…Image
Read 4 tweets
Sep 4
China's 🇨🇳 Economic Paradox: Tech Boom, Growth Slump 🤖 + 📉

Extreme takes - either China is taking over the world or collapsing - amplify one side of its paradoxical trajectory. "Peak China" meme fails to capture that.

Highlights below 👇

project-syndicate.org/commentary/xi-…
These contradictory takes amplify only one side of China’s economic trajectory: tech boom + growth slump

🤖 ➕ 📉 Image
What is the *political* source of this 🇨🇳 paradox of tech boom + growth slump?

Directed Improvisation Image
Read 10 tweets
Jun 30
Today, free market economies are taken for granted as the norm. Polanyi argues they are unprecedented and new in human history, appearing only in 19th century. Profit motive is not “natural” to humans… Image
Instead, premodern societies were more “communistic” than capitalist
(What good is private gain if you were ostracized by a closed group?)
Organizing principle was not gain
But reciprocity + redistribution + household subsistence
“Among these motives gain was not prominent”

Custom, magic, and religion induced compliance with social order
Read 5 tweets
May 10
The consensus is that Western economies achieved prosperity by eliminating corruption.

Why, then, did the Chinese 🇨🇳 economy grow rapidly despite corruption? And why is it only now slowing down, after four decades of a sustained boom? 💥

@ProSyn

project-syndicate.org/onpoint/china-…
Answering these questions requires reframing the debate – in particular, reexamining popular narratives of Western history...

In fact, looking a little further back in time reveals that China is not so unique.
When the United States was an emerging economy during the late-nineteenth century, it, too, experienced rampant corruption. But many elements of America’s Gilded Age have long since been forgotten. Image
Read 7 tweets

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