🇺🇸 🇫🇷 Marthe Rigault was a 12-year old girl living with her parents at their farm near the village of Graignes, a few miles to the south of Carentan in Normandy. During the early hours of 6 June 1944, her world was turned upside down as liberators from across the ocean fell from the sky. 1/5
The American paratroopers were from the 82nd Airborne who had been misdropped and they landed in the flooded marshlands around Graignes. Many would lose their lives drowning in the marshes before they had a chance to fight. The first paratrooper she saw was one who knocked on the farmhouse door. The family let him in and helped him dry off in front of the fire. 2/5
Over the next few days, over a hundred stragglers were given shelter in the barn, then the sector saw the arrival of the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen. 3/5
The village came under heavy attack on 11 June. Locals had used their flat bottomed boats to scour the marshes and much of the paratroopers' equipment and mortars had been retrieved, but the paratroopers were forced out and many found refuge in local dwellings. Marthe and her sister, without their parents knowledge, continued to hide 23 Americans in the barn loft, bringing them eggs, rabbits and potatoes.
Marthe is seen here with her father and sister Marie-Jeanne after the fighting had moved on. 4/5
Marthe was awarded the Légion d'Honneur last week in a ceremony held in Carentan. Present, was Stephen Rabe, whose father had been one of the paratroopers helped by Marthe and her sister. More can be learned about these lost paratroopers and the role played by the villagers of Graignes in his book, "The Lost Paratroopers of Normandy". 5/5
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29 June 1940 - Hermann in Paris and the Rose thorn in his side...
It has now been two weeks since the Germans marched into Paris and people are slowly becoming accustomed to the sight of German troops enjoying a drink at the terrace cafés.
One of Paris' most famous restaurants, sees Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and his entourage arrive.
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Göring is in Paris to see what art he can loot, as he has already done in Amsterdam.
The French museums had already began evacuating some their most precious works, and in one, a French woman would become a particular thorn in the side of the Nazi plunderers. 2/7
When the Nazi jackboots sounded on the Champs Elysées, 41-year old Rose Valland was working as a volunteer at the Musée Jeu de Paume, Place de la Concorde where she had organised exhibitions on foreign contemporary art. 3/7
21 June 1940
Adolf Hitler flies in to Compiègne in northern France and is taken by car to a clearing in a nearby forest where, just 21 years and 7 months before, an armistice was signed to cease hostilities in a war that had seen so much death and destruction.
The clearing at Rethondes has been carefully prepared. SS troops line the road leading to the area where the railway carriage has been pulled out of its memorial building. A Nazi flag covers the Alsace-Lorraine memorial with its inscription
"TO THE HEROIC SOLDIERS OF FRANCE. DEFENDERS OF THE COUNTRY AND OF RIGHT. GLORIOUS LIBERATORS OF ALSACE-LORRAINE."
That of Maréchal Foch, is left uncovered, as if to witness the terrible defeat of France.
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Present at the clearing is American journalist and writer William L. Shirer. He types down what he sees. He is seen here (left) under a tree with the building that housed the carriage in the background.
"The time is now, I see by my notes, 3:18 PM in the forest of Compiègne. Hitler's personal standard is run up on a small post in the center of the circular opening in the woods. Also in the center is a great granite block which stands some three feet above the ground. Hitler, followed by the others, walks slowly over to it, steps up, and reads the inscription engraved in great high letters on that block. Many of you will remember the words of that inscription. The Führer slowly reads them, and the inscription says: "HERE ON THE ELEVENTH OF NOVEMBER 1918 SUCCUMBED THE CRIMINAL PRIDE OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. VANQUISHED BY THE FREE PEOPLES WHICH IT TRIED TO ENSLAVE."
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Shirer continues, "It is now 3:23 PM and the German leaders stride over to the armistice car. This car, of course, was not standing on this spot yesterday. It was standing seventy-five yards down the rusty tracks on the shoulder of a tiny museum built to house it by an American citizen, Mr. Arthur Henry Fleming of Pasadena, California.
Yesterday the car was removed from the museum by German Army engineers and rolled back those seventy-five yards to this spot where it stood on the morning of November 11, 1918."
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German forces are now advancing towards the city of Lyon which has been declared an open city.
Général Olry, commanding the French Alpine army, sees the Lyon front as an essential lynchpin in the defence of the front line in the Alps that has been under attack from the Italians since 10 June.
Olry therefore orders units to the north and south of Lyon to fight to the end.
One such unit to do so in the village of Chasselay is the 25e Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, made up of colonia7l troops with a white officer cadre.
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The Tirailleurs put up a staunch fight, holding up the Germans for a day. On the 20th, the fight is over and the French officers tell their men to lay down their arms. The Germans are furious as Lyon had been declared an open city and they were not expecting resistance. 2/7
The Senegalese troops are separated and marched across fields and assembled in a meadow and then the massacre begins as they are gunned down by machine guns from tanks. A French captain tries to intervene and is shot in the leg. 3/7
Like every day at 9.15 pm French time, the opening notes of Beethoven's 5th, forming the Morse for V for Victory, sound across the airwaves of BBC's Radio Londres.
The speaker of the 'Ici Londres, , Franck Bauer, then reads out personal messages that are known to individual Resistance groups...
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BBC Radio Londres had begun using the message system back in September 1941 when SOE radio operator Georges Bégué sent back the first message of this type.
The idea was simple, at the start of the programme each evening, which brought general news from the Allied side of the war to people in occupied France, messages only known to specific groups or networks were read out in what were presented as personal messages.
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As preparations began for D-Day, hundreds of written messages had been sent out from London to all officially recognized groups several weeks before. Then, on 1 June, SOE and BCRA run networks received via Radio Londres, 146 and 15 alert messages respectively.
Whilst these messages did not alert them specifically to an impending invasion (although most must have guessed it), the alert messages meant that imminent action in terms of specific tasks, such as sabotage, would be called upon in the next seven days.
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After suffering heavy losses crossing the Aire canal in the Béthune sector. SS Totenkopf troops face a rearguard action by men of the 2nd Royal Norfolk Regiment, 1st Royal Scots and the 8th Lancashire Fusiliers, along a defensive line in the hamlets of Riez du Vinage, Le Cornet Malo and Le Paradis.
Men of the Royal Norfolks hold out in a farmhouse and fight until out of ammunition before surrendering to SS troops of the Totenkopf division.... they are gathered and led down the road.....
1/7
99 prisoners of war are lined up against a barn wall a little further down the road. In the meadow facing them are machine guns.
An order is barked out by the unit's commander, Fritz Knöchlein and the guns open up.
Only two men will survive, Privates William O'Callaghan and Albert Pooley, who play dead under the bodies of their comrades.
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Bill O'Callaghan
"As I was turning into the gateway, I noticed a machine gun in front of us which appeared to be mounted in front of what I thought looked like a farm lavatory. After having passed through the gateway the gun was then on my right. The whole column continued to march forward along the side of the house, with their hands still behind their heads, when suddenly firing started. The men started falling from the front of the column. When I saw the men falling I threw myself forward and fell into a slight depression in the ground, and in falling stretched my arms out before me, and sustained a slight flesh wound in the left arm.
3/7
In the weeks following the German capitulation, French POWs, forced labourers and deportees started to be repatriated.
Some, like Paul Pradier, tried to slip back into France pretending to be someone else because they had a dark past to hide.... 1/6
Pradier decided not only to become a collaborator, but aged 19 became a policeman for the SS Sipo-SD in the Dordogne, infilitrating maquis resistance groups and then denouncing them, as well as finding Jewish people that were hiding out in the countryside. 2/6
The Dordogne suffered greatly in the winter and spring of 1944 as a German security division (Brehmer Division) swept through the department, killing and pillaging.
The Germans used Georgian volunteers and a unit made of North African petty criminals and, of course collaborators such as Pradier.
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